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What is chorea syndrome?
Jerky movements predominately of facial muscles & extremities
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What is Huntington's chorea/disease?
An incurable, inherited, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by jerky movememnts & progressive dementia (leads to loss of intellect)
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What causes Huntington's?
Atrophy of the striatal neurons (caudate, putamen, & globus pallidus nuclei) resulting in motor fxn disturbances such as jerky movements
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What part of body is involved in Huntington's?
The entire body, but mostly the extremities & facial muscles
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When does Huntington's develop?
normally b/w 30-35 yoa
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What is the Huntington gene?
Gene that regulates the normal fxn of striatal nuclei. Normally the body has 33 CAG triplets but in Huntingtons there are extra. The more extra, the earlier the onset.
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What diseases/disorders sometimes accompany Huntington's?
Parkinson's or hypokinesia/rigidity
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How long before death occurs in Huntington's patients?
Usually within 15 years from onset of infection from a weakening immune system (#1 cause) or suicide (#2 cause)
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What is ex-vacuo hydrocephalus?
Atrophy of the neurons along the ventricular walls causes distention of the ventricles; does not lead to increased ICP
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What is Syndeham's Chorea?
An acquired disorder associated w/ rheumatic fever
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When is onset of Syndeham's?
In pts younger than 15 yoa, usually female
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What symptoms are associated w/ Syndeham's?
Mild vasculitis of cerebral vessels
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Is Syndeham's curable?
Yes
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What is syringomyelia?
Condition in which a tubular cavity in the central area of the SC gradually expands & produces neuronal & tract damages. Accumulation/obstruction of CSF in the central canal causes distention
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About 95% of syringomyelia pts develop what disorder?
Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation
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What is Type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation?
- Inborn inclanation of cerebellar tonsils into the CSF
- Associated w/ the cerebellum & medulla protruding through the foramen magnum which leads to compression of the brainstem (which causes breaking of the fibers) & hydrocephalus (lumen narrows, CSF can't leave)
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How does Type 1 Arnold Chiari Malformation affect the body?
- Affects the spinothalamic tract causing loss of pain & temp sensation
- Cervical involvement of the shoulder jt shows shawl/cape like distribution, shoulder may swell, & humeral head may undergo lysis (just shoulder jt)
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What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the dura mater & tissues around the subarachnoid space
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What are factors that influence meningitis infection?
- Pathogen virulence
- Strength of immunity
- Predisposing risk factors
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What are some predisposing risk factors to meningitis?
- Exposure of head to cold
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media or accumulation of pus in the middle ear
- Pneumonia leading to pleural empyema (widespread accumulation of pus in pleural cavity)
- Basal skull fracture
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2 causes of meningitis that have the highest fatality rate
- Epidural abscess- in SC can compress nerve roots
- Subdural empyema- can spread to other meninges
- MC by staph/strep
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What are the types of meningitis?
- Acute (purulent) leptomeningitis
- Acute lymphatic (viral) leptomeningitis aka aseptic meningitis
- Chronic Meningitis
- TB meningitis
- Syphilitic meningitis
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Causes of acute (purulent) leptomeningitis in infants & young children
- Bacteria:
- Hemophilus influenza- pus around the bottom of the brain
- Streptococcus pneumoniae- pus around the hemispheres
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Causes of acute (purulent) meningitis in older children & young adults
Neisseria meningitis
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Causes of acute (purulent) leptomeningitis in older adults & elderly
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Listeria monocytogenes
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Clinical manifestations of acute (purulent) leptomeningitis
- HA
- Hydrocephalus & increased ICP
- Fever
- Neck pain (stiffness)
- Mental disorder (disorientation or decreased cognitive fxn)
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CSF findings in acute (purulent) leptomeningitis
CSF from lumbar puncture will show increased neutrophils, increased proteins from exudate, & decreased glucose
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Causes of acute lymphatic (viral) leptomeningitis aka aseptic meningitis
- Caused by virus, not bacterial
- Mumps virus- parotiditis (may cause viral meningitis or orchitis)
- Echo virus
- Coxsackie virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
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Clinical Manifestations fo acute lymphatic (viral) leptomeningitis
- HA
- Hydrocephalus & increased ICP
- Fever
- Neck pain (stiffness)
- Mental disorder (disorientation or decreased cognitive fxn)
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CSF findings of acute lymphatic (viral) leptomeningitis
CSF shows increased lymphocytes, increased proteins, & normal glucose levels
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Causes of chronic meningitis
- Myobacterium TB
- Treponema pallidum
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Brucella species
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CSF findings in chronic meningitis
CSF shows increased monocytes, increased protein, & decreased glucose
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What is TB meningitis?
Accumulation of fibrous tissue at the base of the brain which results in changes in anatomy that compromise the fxn of vessels & nerves
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What is tuberculotic spondylitis aka Pott's disease?
Casseous necrosis of vertebral bodies which leads to formation of hump from collapse of vertebrae
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When does syphylitic meningitis usually occur?
Usually develops in the second stage of syphilis
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Charateristics of syphilitic meningitis (from secondary syphilis)
- Generalized lymphadenopathy (cervical & groin)
- Skin rash- condylomata lata
- Chronic meningitis
- Serologically positive
- Duration 2 months
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Symptoms of tertiary syphilis
- Gummatous necrosis
- Involvement of posterior columns- Tabes dorsalis
- Associated w/ atrophy of the cortical layer of the brain
- aka general paresis of the insane
- Grey matter atrophy (stupid)
- Cardiovascular- syphilitic aortitis (aortic insufficiency)
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Time frame b/w onset of secondary & tertiary syphilis?
10-15 years
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Any inflammatory disease leads to what?
Full jt fusion (eventually)
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What is seronegative spondyloarthritis?
Inflammation of verterbral jts
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Characteristics of seronegative spondyloarthritides
Pathological changes beginning in the ligamentous attachments to the bone, rather than in the synovium
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What is an -enthesis?
Insertion of the ligament/tendon to bone; very rich w/ nociceptors (painful) and has a poor blood supply (limited healing)
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What joints are involved w/ seronegative spondyloarthritis?
100% involvement of SI jts along w/ 50-75% involvement w/ peripheral inflammatory arthritis
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What lab factors are associated w/ seronegative spondyloarthritis?
- Absence of rheumatoid factor
- HLA-B27- 95-97% of people w/ AS are HLAB27 +, while only 5% of gen population are +
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What is inflammatory enthesopathy?
Ossification of the outer layers of the annulus fibrosis (sharpey's fibers)
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What is a syndesmophyte?
Complete ossification forming a bony bridge (in AS- of ivd so that 2 vertebrae can't move)
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What 2 inflammatory bowel diseases are associated w/ seronegative spondyloarthritis?
Crohn's & ulcerative colitis
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What are aka's of ankylosing spondylitis?
- Marie-Strumpells
- Bechterew's
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What are symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?
- Severe low back pain (young people- age crucial)
- Non-mechanical pain that is severe in the morning & diminishes during the day
- Relieved by exercise
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What tests can be used to determine if a pt has AS?
- Measure under the nipple line w/ full inspiration & full expiration - normal chest expansion is 6-12 cm & less than 3 cm indicates AS
- Finger to floor exam will show decreased flexibility
- Decreased ROM in all 3 plane
- All signs b/c spine fuses together
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What are some complications of AS?
- Iridocycitis
- Dilation of the aortic ring w/ aortic insufficiency
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What is iridocycitis?
- aka Iritis
- Irregularly shaped pupil due to adhesion of the iris to lens from inflammation/exudates
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What are the 3 MC causes of aortic insufficiency
- 1 Bacterial endocarditis
- 2 Syphilis
- 3 Ankylosing spondylitis
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What part of the body does psoriatic arthritis affect?
Joints more so than spine
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How much of the population has psoriatic arthritis?
- 2-7% have psoriasis w/ an avg 5%
- 2-7% of those people have arthritis & spondylitis
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Is psoriatic arthritis slow or rapid?
Very rapid
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What bone can be destroyed by psoriatic arthrits?
Occiput
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What are the signs & symptoms of psoriatic arthritis?
- Dermatosis
- Joint involvement
- Pitting of nails
- Pencil in cup deformity (on x-ray)
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What is dermatosis?
Non-inflammatory disease of skin; common areas include the scalp, axilla, belly button, groin (hair portions), & elbows
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What joints are involved w/ psoriatic arthritis?
- Asymmetrical involvement of jts of hands/feet
- Advanced-> chaotic deformity of jts
- Axial arthritis- one entire finger/toe
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What is axial arthritis & what diseases is it involved in?
- Only in psoriatic & Reiter's
- Asymmetrical
- Involvement of one entire finger/toe
- Causes sausage toe
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What is arthritis mutilans?
- Special type of psoriatic arthritis
- Marked by intra-articular osteolysis
- Bone is lost & tissue retracts resulting in shrinking toes/fingers
- Painless
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What are charateristics of Reiter's syndrome?
Infection, typically chlamydia (MC std in US) or various intestinal infections often in children
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Are men or women more predispositioned to get Reiter's?
Men
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What percentage of pts fully recover from Reiter's?
20%
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What are the signs & symptoms of Reiter's syndrome?
- 4 major signs: Can't see, can't pee can't dance w/ me
- Bilateral conjuctivitis
- Urethritis
- Arthritis of peripheral & spinal jts
- Keratoderma
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What part of the body does arthritis associated w/ Reiter's syndrome affect?
- Spine almost all of the time
- Larger or medium sized jts
- Assymetrical
- Mostly leg jts rarely arms
- Bilateral & symmetrical SI jts
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What is urethritis?
painful urination or balanitis
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What is keratoderma?
pustules on the soles or palms
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What are manifestations of Reiter's syndrome?
- achillobursitis associated w/ localized osteopenia stemming from inflammation of soft tissue near the bone
- Tearing of the achilles tendon (possible not always)
- Achillodynia
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What is achillobursitis?
swelling of the ankle
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What is achillodynia?
pain in the bursa/tendon; may be w/ or w/o inflammation & bursitis
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What is the treatment for Reiter's syndrome?
Injection of corticosteroids into bursa
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What is atelectasis?
- aka Collapsed lung
- Loss of lung volume due to incomplete expansion of air spaces
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What are the 4 types of atelectasis?
- Obstructive aka Resorption/Absorption
- Compressive aka Passive/Relaxation
- Pathcy aka Microatelectasis
- Contraction
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What is obstructive aka resorption/absorption atelectasis?
Obstruction of the airways in the alveolar ducts which causes space to become void of air as it is absorbed into circulation which creates a vacuum. The total pressure in the lungs becomes lower than atmospheric pressure which leads to collapse & compression. The decreased space causes the mediastinum to deviate toward the lower pressure (involved side)
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What causes obstructive atelectasis?
- Aspiration of foreign body
- Excessive secretion of exudates within smaller bronchi (as in COPD)
- Tumor of any organ in chest, leading to obstruction of the airway
- Other lung pathologies- bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis
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What is compressive atelectasis?
- Compression of the lung tissue from accumulation of fluid, air, or tissue in the pleural cavity (pleurisy or pneumothorax) which causes the mediastinum to deviate away from the involved lung
- Reversible
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What are causes of compressive atelectasis?
- Right sided cardiac failure (from vena cava congestion & pooling of blood into the cavities
- Neoplastic effusions (tumor)
- Pleural empyema
- Mesothelioma
- TB
- Nephritic syndrome
- Pleurisy or pneumothorax
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What are 2 types of pneumothorax?
- Traumatic= stabbing- damage to parietal layer
- Non-tramatic or spontaneous= sickness- damage to visceral layer (#2 cause of death by TB)
- Rib fracture can involve both layers
- Causes immediate lung collapse
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What are the top 3 causes of pneumothorax?
- 1 TB
- 2 Emphysema
- 3 Interstitial lung disease
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What is patchy atelectasis?
- aka Microatelectasis
- Due to a loss of pulmonary surfactant
- Surfactant decreases adhesion strength of the alveoli- w/o surfactant alveoli adhese together
- Respiratory distress syndrome, common in peds
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What is contraction atelectasis?
- Intersitial lung disease causing replacement of normal lung tissue w/ fibrous CT or scar tissue
- Irreversible
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