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Define sensation
the detection and registration of physical stimuli so we can navigate our world
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define perceptions
- the interpretation of sensations
- require stimuli that have produced consequences we remember at some level
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Which part of the brain perceives most faces?
fusiforme gyrus
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What is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral pathways?
- ipsilateral - uncrossed pathways that are unconsicous - faster
- contralateral - crossed pathways that are conscious
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What are the basic features of sensation?
- psychical stimuli are transduced into neural signals by monopolar cells
- information is carried to brail via ipsilateral/contralateral pathways
- passes throught the thalamic nuclei (except smell)
- inital perceptual processing in the thalamus
- initial sensory registration occurs in the primary sensory cortex
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Which part of the thalamus perceives pain?
dorsal
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which stimuli are the most evocative of memory and have the fastest response?
smells
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Which part of the brain is responsible for pain and visceral responses?
cingulate cortex
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Which part of the brain is responsible for pleasure reproduction?
septum
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Which part of the brain is responsible for emotions?
amygdala
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Which part of the brain is responsible for memory acquisition?
hippocampus
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what is the dividing line between input and output in the brain?
- central sulcus
- precentral (front) = output
- postcentral (back) = input
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What are the basic features of perception?
- extremely complex
- primary cortex detects, secondary and tertiary cortexes perceive and integrate
- perception is based on experience and as your experiences change, so does your perception - especially threat
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sensory system organization - sight
stimulus to the eyes --> visual thalamic relay nuclei --> primary visual cortex --> secondary visual cortex --> association cortex
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sensory system organization - touch
stimuli to the hands --> somatosensory thalamic relay nuclei --> primary somatosensory cortex --> secondary somatosensory cortex --> association cortex
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sensory system organization - hearing
stimulus to the ears --> auditory thalamic relay nuclei --> primary auditory cortex --> secondary auditory cortex --> association cortex
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The ______ system exhibits the most errors and has developed the most compensations
visual
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which is the most complex sensory system?
visual
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______ is the most associated with development and evolution of cognitive processing
visual system
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Basic anatomy of the eye: cornea
out shell of the eye that allows light to pass
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Basic anatomy of the eye: sclera
white part of the eye that blocks light
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Basic anatomy of the eye: pupil
black center of eye that determines how much light is allowed to pass
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Basic anatomy of the eye: iris
colored part of the eye responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil
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Basic anatomy of the eye: aqueous humor
nourishing the cornea and the lens by supplying nutrition such as amino acids and glucose, the aqueous humor will: Maintain intraocular pressure
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Basic anatomy of the eye: lens
the second part of your eye, after the cornea, that helps to focus light and images on your retina.
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Basic anatomy of the eye: retina
a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface. Photosensitive cells called rods and cones in the retina convert incident light energy into signals that are carried to the brain by the optic nerve.
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Basic anatomy of the eye: Rods
- active in dim light
- very sensitive (low threshold)
- overload in daylight
- low detail
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Basic anatomy of the eye: Cones
- active in bright light
- not very sensitive (high threshold)
- inactive in dim light
- a lot of detail
- photopic - red, green, blue vision
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define scotopic/protopathic
- greater convergence (connections to bipolar cells)
- more sensitive
- less precise
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define photopic/epicritic
- lower convergence (connections to bipolar cells)
- less sensitive
- more precise
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what is foveal vision
- the focal point of the retina
- area of most precise vision
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where does the tricolor theory of color processing exist?
only in the cones
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where does color processing follow the opponent processing theory?
- the middle of the retina and throughout the rest of the visual system
- streamlines processing but distorts information
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The horizontal cells compensate for blur through the process of _________
lateral inhibition
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What are the Mechanisms in the brain stem that “stabilize” images and compensate for distance
- The Superior Colliculus
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
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All motor systems are heavily ________ dependent
- feedback
- Sensory systems = affective (influencers).
- Motor systems = effectors (doers).
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Did sensory or motor systems develop first?
sensory
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What are the roles of pyramidal (cortical), extra-pyramidal (subcortical) systems?
- Pyramidal: Initiation of gross motor activity
- Extra-pyramidal: Subtly and gentleness
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define skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary, moves us through space. Usually contralaterally organized
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define smooth muscle
sheet-like, involuntary, moves stuff through us. Usually ipsilaterally organized with considerable local stimulation and regulation.
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define cardiac muscle
syncytial, designed for autonomous, synchronous functioning. Innervated by the Xth nerve (vagus), but can work without
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in order for muscle movement to occur, ______ moves over _______ to produce ________ only
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Neural Components: Extrafusal fibers
do the “work” of contraction
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Neural Components: Intrafusal fibers
monitor and prime extrafusals
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Neural Components: Alpha motor neuron
initiates extrafusal contraction
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Neural Components: Gamma motor neuron
initiates the intrafusals.
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Types of pyramidal neurons: UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
In brain and spine. These are initiators, organizers, and modulators. Damage to these produces spasticity, or “spastic paralysis.”
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Types of pyramidal neurons: LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
Begin in spine but are primarily peripheral. These are the “enactors,” directly connecting to muscles. Damage to these produces “flaccid paralysis.”
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