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What is the weight of the human brain?
3 - 3.5 lbs or 14-1600 grams
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How many neurons are there in a human brain?
- 100 billion in the adult brain
- 150 billion at birth
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Define synapse
the functional connection between neurons
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Define nerves
bundles of axons in the PNS
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Define tracts
bundles of axons in the CNS up/down
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Define fasciculi
anterior - posterior tracts
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Define commissures
large left - right tracts
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Define stria
bands of axons connecting nuclei
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Define nuclei
groups of neuron bodies in the CNS
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Define ganglia
groups of neuron bodies in the PNS
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Theories of function: Localizationist
- different parts of the cortex are developed to deliver a specific function - they are specialized to do one thing very well and by interacting, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors arise.
- Deficits are specific to areas as well
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Theories of function: Equipotentiality
- the idea that all parts of the brain contribute to all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
- Deficits are related more to the amount of general area of damage
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Theories of function: Interconnectivity
How different brain areas related, affect, and communicate with each other that better explains thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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Define anterior
toward the front
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Define posterior
toward the rear
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Define lateral toward the side
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Define medial
toward the midline
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Define sagittal
the plane of the midline
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Define transverse/axial
the plane from top - down
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Define frontal/coronal
the plane from the face
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Define ventral
toward the belly or under surface
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Define dorsal
toward the back or upper surface
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Define proximal
closer to source or time
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Define distal
farther from source or time
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Define pruning
Neural connections that are not relevant or adaptable or terminated and reabsorbed
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brain connectivity is functionally organized based on what?
- environmental demands
- language
- culture
- etc...
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when does the zygote develop into an embryo
within 2 weeks of fertilization
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at what age does synaptogenisis kick into full gear?
0-3 months
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Define neurons
Specialized cells for receiving, processing, and transmitting information.
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Define glial cells
Cells that are smaller than neurons, make up 90% of the cells in the brain, and are designed to feed, protect, structure, insulate, and much more
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Define schwann cells
Cells that are designed to create myelin for neurons in the PNS.
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Define oligodendrocytes
Cells that are designed to create myelin for neurons in the CNS.
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Define astrocytes
Cells that are designed to provide energy to neurons by connecting blood supply and are also involved in learning and organizational processes.
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Define microglia
Cells that are designed to be the brain's defense network.
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Define ependymal cells
Cells that form a lining around clusters of neurons, the surface of the cortex, and the lining of the ventricles that are designed to keep cerebrospinal fluid away from actual neuronal networks.
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Define debdrites
The part of a neuron that is information receiving and extends from the soma
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Define soma
This is the cell body, which receives and processes information and well as maintains cellular metabolism and repair.
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Define hillock
This is the junction of the cell body and axon that determines whether or not the axon fires.
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Define axon
This is the information transmitting process that extends to other neurons.
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Define Bouton
These are pre-synaptic structures fond at the end of axons that store and control neurotransmitters.
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What is the purpose of the sodium/ potassium pump?
Once an axon has fired it is necessary for it recharge before it can fire again. This is where the sodium/potassium pumps come into play. The job of these pumps is to restore the sodium/potassium balance. Typically, the pump pushes out three Na+ and pulls in two K+.
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All neural information is basically what?
ions moving across the membrane
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Dendritic potentials are ______ and _______
- local
- graded in intensity
- the more stimulation received the bigger the response
- response does not travel.
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Axonal potentials are _______ and _______
- self-propagating
- all or nothing
- they travel down the axon and either occur or don't
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the speed, conduction, and size of action potentials is determined by what?
- diameter of the axon
- myelination
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What is the energy source used by sodium/potassium pumps?
ATP
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Define myelin
a fatty substance that insulates the axon from the extracellular space
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What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?
Nodes of Ranvier
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what is the speed of conduction for an unmyelinated axon?
10 meters per second
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what determines how information is interpreted?
which parts of the brain are activated by neuronal activity
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What determines the intensity of information?
- the frequency of axonal firing
- more frequent = more intense
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communication between direct electrical synapses are called what?
ephapsis
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communication between chemical synapses is called what?
neurotransmitter based
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