Genetics mid

These for a gene.

These determine a trait

Is the genetic makeup of an organism.

is what the organism looks like

both alleles are the same

the two alleles are different

A cross between individuals who are both heterozygotes for one gene.

A cross between individuals who are heterozygous for two genes.

this is the raito pf progeny phenotypes in a cross between monohybrids.

THis is the ratio of progent genotypes in a cross between monohybrids

this is the ratio of progeny genotypes in a cross between a heterozygote and a recessive homozygote.

All progeny are the same phenotype.

Ratio of progeny phenotypes in a dihybrid cross

Cells such as gametes of humans that contain only one copy of each chromosome pair.

Cells that contain both copies of a homologous chromosome pair.

The two copies of a single chromosome that result after chromosome replication during S Phase.

Terms that describe the postion of the centromere on a chromosome.

chromosomes that match in shape, size, and banding because they have the same set of genes.

chromosomes that do not match because they have different sets of genes

a representation of an organism?s genome made by arranging micrographs of each chromosome as homologous pairs of decreasing size.

the gene found on the Y chromosome in humans and other mammals whose presence determines maleness

chromosomes that do not determine sex and that are found as homologous pairs.

regions containing about 30 genes that are found on both the X and Y chromosomes in humans.

repeating pattern of cell growth and division. Interphase (the period between cell divisions) consists of G1, S (the time of chromosome replication), and G2. The cells divide during M phase, and the daughter cells separate from each other through cytokinesis at the end of M phase

cellular structure made of microtubules emanating from two spindle poles that forms during M phase and guides chromosome movements.

structures found at centromeres that connect the chromosomes to the microtubule fibers of the spindle.

cell division that preserves the number and kinds of chromosomes. Successive rounds of mitosis starting from a fertilized zygote create a multicellular organism whose somatic cells are genetically identical

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that takes place during prophase of meiosis I at sites called chiasmata.

rare mistakes that occur during cell division in which chromosomes or chromatids that should separate from each other fail to separate from each other.

this type of dominance as a 1:2:1 phenotype ratio.

Recessive lethality results in what kind of ratio?

Occurs when one gene affects multiple traits

Parallel gene interactions produce what kind of phenotype ratios for a single trait.

Serial gene interactions (complementary gene action ) produces these ratios.

Recessive epistasis produces what kind of ratios for a single trait?

Dominant epistasis produces what kind of ratio?

Redundant genes produce what kind of ratio?