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Group of similarly constructed organisms that share common genes
Species
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Members of a species living in a particular area
Population
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Structures, physiology, and behavior that make an organism suited to its environment
Adaptation
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Structures of similar construction due to a common ancestor
Homologous
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Remains or evidence of some organism that lived long ago
Fossils
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The modern gorilla; shares a common ancestor with humans (Species epithet)
Gorilla gorilla
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A relatively small, humanlike organism that had small, pointed canine teeth, an elongated face, and was adapted for bipedalism (Genus)
Australophithecus
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A human ancestor characterized by an upright posture, a sloping forehead, a large brow ridge, a thick skull and a larger braincase (species epithet)
Homo erectus
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Modern humans, characterized by a vertical forehead, small brow ridge, thin skulls, and a larger braincase (species epithet)
Homo sapiens
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How many bones are in the human skull?
22 Bones
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Extent to which the face and jaws protrude forward when viewed from the side
Prognathism
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Mass of bone over the eye sockets, supports the upper facial skeleton against forces produced by chewing
Brow Ridge
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Thin ridge of bone atop and down the middle of the braincase
Sagittal crest
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Large opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
Foramen magnum
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In nonhuman primates, the gap in the teeth corresponding to the canines of the opposite jaw
Canine diasteme
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Between which teeth does the gap occur? Why are these gaps essential in nonhuman primates?
- Incisors and canines
- B/c the teeth are pointed and the canines of the opposite side fit in the gap
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Why is the canine diastema absent in humans?
Canine teeth aren't pointed
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Sagitall Crest (Apes v. Humans)
- Ape: Present
- Humans: Greatly Reduced
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Brow Ridge (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: Prominent
- Humans: Internalized
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Foramen Magnum (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: towards rear
- Humans: posterior position
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Prognathism (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: More
- Humans: very little
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Canines (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: long and pointed
- Humans: Little difference
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Canine diastema (Apes v Humans)
- Apes: Present
- Humans: Not present
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Incisors (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: Bigger and Rounder
- Humans: Small and vertical
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Chin (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: Not Present
- Humans: Present
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Arrangement of teeth (Apes v. Humans)
- Apes: Straight
- Humans: Curved
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The theory that the number of amino acid changes between organisms is proportional to the length of time since two organisms began evolving separately from a common ancestor
Molecular Clock Theory
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Carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain found in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cytochrome c
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Proteins that react with foreign proteins
Antibodies
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If a serum is closely related to humans, how much precipitate will form?
More precipitate
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Which animal is most closely related to humans- the cow or the chimpanzee?
Chimpanzee
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What are sutures?
Wavy lines where the bones fit together
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Because a gorillas face and jaw protrude more forward than humans, they are said to exhibit_?
Prognathism
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Wha is the function of the brow ridge?
Supports the upper face against the forces of chewing
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What is a sagittal crest usually associated with?
Small braincase and powerful jaws
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Which of the following structures reflects the posture of the body and the pattern of movement in hominoids?
Foramen magnum
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What is a typical characteristic of a female skull?
Smaller Braincase
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Name one of Darwin's assumptions that was tested in the EvoDots program
Evolution is dependent on variation of characteristics
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When did the first vascular plants appear? How many million years ago was this?
- Paleozoic era and the Silurian period
- 443.7-416 mya
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When did angiosperm (flowering plant) diversity occur? How many million years ago?
- Mesozoic era and Cretaceous period
- 145.5- 65.5 mya
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During what period did the trilobites appear?
Cambrian
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When did the trilobites become extinct? How many million years ago was this?
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During what period did the insects first appear? How many million years ago was this?
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Did organisms first appear in the sea or on land?
The sea
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Did invertebrates evolve before vertebrates?
Yes
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Did cone-bearing plants evolve before flowering plants?
Yes
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Name a characteristic that differentiates a synapsid reptile like Bathygnathus from the dinosaurs that followed later
Single temporal skull
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