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Four types of animal tissue
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
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Tissue that covers a surface and functions in protection, transport and absorption
Epithelium tissue
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What is a function of the connective tissue
Binds and supports
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What does muscle tissue do?
Contracts
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What is a function of the nervous tissue?
Conducts impulses
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What is the outermost cell shape of epithelium? (3)
- Squamous (Flat)
- Cuboidal (cube shaped)
- Columnar (columns)
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How many cell layers are in epithelium? (3)
- Simple (1 layer)
- Stratified (2+ layers)
- Pseudo stratified (Appears layered but all cells touch the basement membrane)
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What cell type does the lung alveoli have?
Simple squamous epithelium
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What cell type does the kidney have? What is it's main function?
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Produces urine
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What cell type is the small intestine
Simple columnar epithelium
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Special columnar cells filled with mucus, found in the small intestine
Goblet cells
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Function of the brush border in small intestine
Absorbs nutrients
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What kind of cells does the trachea have? What is it's main function?
- Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Conveys air to and from lungs
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Function of cilia in the trachea
Sweep mucous and trapped bacteria in the trachea into you throat
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What cells make up the esophagus? What two structures does it connect?
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Connects throat to the stomach
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Transitional epithelium of urinary bladder
Looks like stratified cuboidal or stratified squamous
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What is a lumen?
Inside space of tubular structure
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What does the extracellular matrix in connective tissue consist of?
Consists of fluid, fibers and solid material
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Types of connective tissue (6)
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Adipose (fat)
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
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Tissue type that contains cells and fibers; function is binding and packing substance around organs
Loose aereolar connective tissue
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What tissue do the tendons have? How are the fibers aligned?
- Dense fibrous connective tissue
- Closely aligned parallel rows
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What is the function of a tendon?
Connects a skeletal muscle to a bone
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Tissue composed of adipocytes containing fat that falls out during processing
Adipose tissue
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What comprises the greatest volume of an adipose cell?
Fat vacuoles
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What is the function of hyaline cartilage in the trachea?
Prevent the trachea from collapsing
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Where are chondrocytes contained?
Within lacunae cavities
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What is a function of cartilage?
Reduces friction by covering ends of bones
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Bone cells that secrete white inorganic compounds of calcium and phosphate
Osteocytes
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What does a central Haversian canal hold?
Holds nerves and blood vessels
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What osteon structure is most central?
Osteonic canal
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What does the term "ossification" mean?
Bone tissue formation
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Whole blood consists of what 3 formed elements?
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
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What is plasma?
Amber fluid whole blood cells are supsended in
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Where would you find simple squamous epithelium? (3)
- Lung aveoli
- Blood vessels
- Body cavities
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Why do lungs have simple squamous epithelium?
Permeable to gases
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How thick is the epethelium of the kidney?
One cell layer (simple)
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Why is there mucus in the intestine?
Lubrication
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What is responsible for the large surface area of the intestine?
Microvilli
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What tissue type is found primarily in the respiratory tract?
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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What is the name of the embryonic tissue from which all connective tissue are derived?
Mesenchyme
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What are the three components of all connective tissue?
Cells, proteinaceous fibers and matrix
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What is the benefit of the shape of the erythrocyte cell?
Large surface area for diffusion
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What is the primary function of the erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
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How long does it take a normal adult to completely replace all red blood cells?
Once every 4 months
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Cytoplasmic fragments in the bone marrow
Platelets
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Do leukocytes contain a nucleus?
Yes
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What two groups are leukocytes divided into?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes (2)
- Consist of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
- Produced in bone marrow
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Agranulocytes (2)
- Lymphocytes and monocytes
- Produced in lymphatic tissue and bone marrow
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What are the 4 primary functions of leukocytes?
- Phagocytosis
- Take up toxins
- Release enzymes
- Produce antibodies
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Most numerous type of leukocyte, plays a key role in the bodys defense against bacteria
Neutrophils
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Leukocyte that plays a key role in the destruction of antigens
Eosinophils
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Leukocyte whose primary function is to facilitate the repair of tissue
Basophil
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Contraction of muscle tissue results from interaction between what two types of proteins?
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Three types of muscle tissue in animals
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Skeletal muscle (2)
- Fibers appear striated
- Comprises muscles which move bones
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Where is smooth muscle found? What nervous control is it under?
- Found in blood vessels and digestive tract
- Under involuntary nervous control
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In which organisms are smooth muscles commonly found? What is there general function
- Least complex organisms
- Move material by contracting and relaxing
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Where are cardiac muscle cells found?
The heart
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At what level are cardiac muscles controlled?
Unconscious level (involuntary)
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In simple animals, what do the cells of the nervous system develop into?
A nerve net
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What are the two types of nerve tissue?
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Why are neurons the functional unit of the nervous system?
They respond to stimuli by the generation and transmission of electrical impulses
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What is the main function of glial cells in the nervous tissue?
Support
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Active in the cell processes that bring impulses toward the body, located in nerve cell tissue
Dendrites
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Extension that transmits impulses away from the cell body, found in nerve cell tissue
Axon
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Outer thin layer simple squamous epithelium with connective tissue and blood vessels, found in the small intestine
Serosa
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Layers of smooth muscles found in the small intestine
Muscularis
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Region that contains the larger blood vessels and the lymphatics of the gut, found in the small intestine
Submucosa
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Large folded projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine
Villi
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What is an extreme example of a protective epithelium?
Epidermis
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Process where cells contain more keratin as they age and near the surface
Keratinization
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Layer of the skin in which cells actively undergo mitotic division and give rise to the three outer epidermal layers
Basal layer
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Principal pigment of the skin, formed in the basal layer by melanocytes
Melanin
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Layer of the skin beneath the epidermis that contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, etc
Dermis
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What tissue is the dermis composed of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
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Why is the dermis composed of irregular connective tissue?
So it can withstand stretching
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Subcutaneous layer, deepest layer of skin
Hyopodermis
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