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Beliefs about abnormalities in bodily functions or structures
Somatic
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Belief that one has exceptional powers, wealth, skill, influence or destiny
Grandeur
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Belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls thoughts, feelings, impulses or behavior
Control
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Belief that one is being watched, ridiculed, harmed or plotted against
Persecution
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Attaching personal significance to trivial events; perceiving events are relating to you when they are not
Ideas of reference
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Belief that one’s mate is unfaithful
Jealousy
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Belief that another person desires you romantically
Erotomanic
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“It is very cold. I am old and bold. The gold has been sold.”
Clang association
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The client imitates the movements of others
Echopraxia
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The client has repeated motor behaviors that do not serve a logical purpose
Stereotyped behavior
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RN- “Hello. My name is Yvette and I’m going to be your nurse today.”Client- “Hello. My name is Yvette and I’m going to be your nurse today.”
Echolalia
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“We wanted to take the bus, but the airport took all the traffic. Driving is the ticket when you want to get somewhere. No one needs a ticket to heaven. We all have it in our pockets.”
Associative looseness
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The client displays reduced fluency and productivity of thought and speech.
Alogia
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“You’re incorrect. It is not raining cats and dogs. There is water falling from the sky.”
Concrete thinking
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The person never gets to the point of the conversation. Unrelated topics are introduced and the focus of the original conversation is lost.
Tangentiality
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“She wanted to give me a ride in her new uniphorum.”
Neologisms
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“Most forward action grows life double plays circle uniform.”
Word salad
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The client does the opposite of what they are told to do.
Active Negativism
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The client is unable to experience pleasure.
Anhedonia
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“My legs are tree trunks and I can’t move because I am stuck to the floor.”
Depersonalization
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The topic of conversation changes repeatedly and rapidly, generally after just one sentence or phrase.
Flight of ideas
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The client speaks as if words are being forced out of their mouth.
Pressured speech
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The client exhibits withdrawal and inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activity.
Avolition
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The client holds their posture or body parts in abnormal positions for prolonged periods of time.
Waxy flexibility
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“I can’t leave through that door. Only a mouse would only be able to go through there.”
Derealization
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The individual delays in reaching the point of the conversation because of unnecessary or tedious details.
Circumstantiality
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Schizophrenic disorders are HARD to deal with. What does the acronym HARD stand for?
- H – hallucinations
- A – affect
- R – relationships
- D – delusions
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Schizophrenia requires different treatment modalities such as:
- Pharmacotherapy
- Living skills
- Social skills training
- Rehabilitation and recovery
- Family therapy
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Name the phases of Schizophrenia
- Premorbid – no distinct things (isolating, shy, stay away from people, personality d/o’s)
- Prodromal – start noticing things (difficulty sleeping, depression, people stay away from them, irritable, magical thinking?)
- Active phase – delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech/thought, catatonia,
- Residual – negative symptoms still maintain
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During this phase of Schizophrenia, there are no distinct impairments but the person may isolate and show signs of personality disorders
Premorbid
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During this phase of Schizophrenia, noticeable things like difficulty sleeping, depression, irritability, magical thinking occur
Prodromal
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During this phase of Schizophrenia, symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech/thought, and catatonia appear
Active
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During this phase of Schizophrenia, negative symptoms still maintain such as a flat affect and impairment in role functioning
Residual
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In Schizophrenia that are stages of...
exacerbations and remissions
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Name some predisposing factors for developing Schizophrenia
- genetics
- biochemical
- physiological
- psychological influences
- socio-cultural factors
- stressful life events
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Name some physical conditions that predispose a person to develop Schizophrenia
- epilepsy
- Huntington's disease
- birth trauma
- head injury in adulthood
- alcohol abuse
- cerebral tumor
- Wilson's disease (copper)
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Blaming someone else for your faults
scapegoating
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Three people in the conversation sender doesn’t send to receiver (miscommunication) – very manipulative and a form of splitting
triangulation
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To be diagnosed with Schizophrenia the DSM-V requires what?
- psychotic thinking or behavior present at least 6 months
- significant impairment in work, school, self-care, or interpersonal relationships
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Presence of one or more non-bizarre delusions persist for at least one month
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Jealous
Persecutory
Somatic
Mixed
Delusional disorder
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in love with movie star
erotomanic
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think they are God or jesus
grandiose
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think spouse is unfaithful
jealous
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Someone (FBI) is out to get them
persecutory
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misrepresentation of own body
somatic
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A person that has some of all of the delusions
mixed
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Sudden onset of psychotic symptoms that
–Last at least one day but less than one month
–There is an eventual full return to the premorbid level of functioning
Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Same features as schizophrenia except symptoms last at least one month but less than 6 months
Schizophreniform Disorder
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Schizophrenic behaviors with mood disorder (mania or depression)
May appear depressed with psychomotor retardation & suicidal
May have euphoria, grandiosity, and hyperactivity
Absence of mood episode with hallucinations/ delusions for at least 2 weeks
Schizoaffective Disorder
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The presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions that are judged to be directly attributable to substance intoxication or withdrawal
Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder
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Characterized by marked abnormalities in motor behavior
Catatonic Disorder
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A delusional system that develops with another person who already has a psychotic disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
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Manifestation of things that are not normally present
Hallucinations, Delusions, Alterations in Speech, Bizarre Behavior
Normal brain structures, respond well to antipsychotics
Positive Symptoms
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Reflect a lessening or loss of normal functions
Respond less to antipsychotics, most difficult to treat.
Atypicals are more effective in treatment of negative symptoms than typical antipsychotics
Negative Symptoms
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Environment is sending him a message
delusion of reference
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Forces outside of body are controlling him
Delusion of Control or Influence
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False idea about his body
Somatic Delusion
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False idea that the self or part of self does not exist
Nihilistic delusion
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Lack of insight, lack of awareness of what is going on with them
anosognosia
-
-
first-generation/conventional antipsychotics
used to treat mainly positive symptoms Haloperidol, Loxapine, Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine
Typicals
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second-generation
great both positive and negative symptoms
Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Ziprasidone, Clozapine
A-typicals
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Aripiprazole
Used to treat both positive and negative symptoms while improving cognitive function
Third generation
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Psychopharmacology Side Effects - KNOW These
- Anticholinergic effects
- Nausea, GI upset
- Skin rash
- Sedation
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Photosensitivity
- Hormonal effects
- Electrocardiogram changes
- Hypersalivation
- Weight gain
- Hyperglycemia/diabetes
- Increase risk of mortality in elderly with dementia
- Seizures
- Agranulocytosis
- Extrapyramidal symptoms
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) include:
- Pseudoparkinsonism
- Akinesia
- Akathisia
- Dystonia
- Oculogyric crisis
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Client/Family Education for psychopharmacology
- Not stop taking the drug abruptly
- Use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when outdoors
- Report weekly (if taking clozapine) to have blood levels drawn and to obtain a weekly supply of the drug
- Be aware of possible risks of taking antipsychotics during pregnancy
- Not drink alcohol while receiving antipsychotics
- Not consume other medications (including over the counter drugs) without the healthcare provider’s knowledge
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