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respiratory

  1. negative pressure =
    inspiration
  2. what allows for passive release of air
    relaxing of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
  3. surfactant is excreted by
    alveolar epithelium
  4. upper respiritory disorders
    • acute rhinitis(common cold)
    • influenza
    • chronic and acute sinusitis
    • sleep apnea
  5. influenza works by
    • -infects respiratory epithelium
    • -rapidly replicates
    • -inflammation leads to necrosis and shedding of serous and ciliated cells
    • -extracellular fluid escapes
    • -serous cells replaced results in cough
  6. rhinorreha
    when extracellular fluid escapes
  7. influenza problems
    • - inflamatory process can cause secondary bacterial infection( sinusitus, ottis media)
    • - tracheobronchitus
    • pneumonia
  8. is acute rhinitis viral or bacterial?
    viral
  9. actue rhinitis two types of viruses
    • rhinovirus: mild
    • coxsac and adenovirus: severe
  10. acute rhinitis

    -how is it contracted
    -how long can it survive
    • airborne
    • up to 3 days
  11. acute rhinitis complications
    pharyngitis, sinusitis, ottis media, tonsilites, lung infection
  12. acute rhinitis S/S
    • gradual
    • rare fever
    • no headache
    • slight aches and pain
    • sinus congestion
    • ear ache
  13. allergic rhinitis treatment goal
    reduce inflammation, nasal symptoms
  14. allergic rhinitis medication therapy
    antihistamines, decongestant, leukotriene receptor antagonist, 2nd generation antihistamine
  15. acute viral rhinitis medication therapy
    • rest and fluids
    • ice chip, losange
    • saline nasal spray
    • antihistamine, dwcongestant, antipyretics, analgesics
  16. influena
    highly contagious resp. illness
  17. influenza

    -season
    -peak
    -strains
    • sept-april
    • nov-march
    • A, B and C, but only A and B are sig. to humans
  18. influenza A protiens
    • surface protiens H and N
    • H- enables virus to enter the cell
    • N- facilitates cell to cell transmission

    MOST COMMON MOST VIRULENT
  19. influenza A comes from
    birds, pigs, horses, seals, dogs
  20. influenza B and C
    • not divided into subtypes
    • only affect humans
  21. influenza

    -incubation
    -peak transmission
    • - 1-4 days
    • - 1 day before onset of symptoms, continuing 5-7 days after sick
  22. INfluenza S/S
    • abrubt
    • chills, fever (102-104), general malasia,
    • headache, couch;, sore throat, fatigue
  23. influenza comlications
    pneumonia, ear or sinus infection
  24. influenza medication treatment
    • Relenza: inhaled
    • Tamiflu: oral
    • Rapivab: IV-
    • amantadine or rimantadine prophylaxis
    • - antiviral drugs reduce duration and severity
    • - OTC drugs for symptoms( tylenol and zinc)
  25. when is the best time to get the influenza vaccine
    • septembera
    • vaccine takes 2 weeks for protection
  26. is influenza viral or bacterial
    viral, but can cause secondary bacterial infections
  27. influenza viral culture
    via swab of the throat, nose, sputum, et tube, bronchial wash
  28. rapid flu test
    from nasal secretions
  29. sinusitus
    when inflammation of the mucosal blocks the openings in the sinuses through which mucous drains
  30. sinusitis typically follows
    an upper resp infection
  31. how does sinusitis happen
    virus penetrates the mucous membrane and decreases ciliary function
  32. sinusitus treatment
    usually resolves w/o treatment in less than 14 days
  33. what causes sinusitus(etiology)
    bacteria, virus, fungus
  34. acute sinusitus results from
    • upper resp infection
    • allergic rhinitis
    • swimming
    • dental manipulation
  35. chronic sinusitus is defined by
    lasting longer than 3 weeks
  36. actute sinusitus S/S
    • pain on sinus
    • purulent drainage
    • FEVER
    • malaise
    • congestion
    • enlarges turbinates
    • bad breath
    • edematous mucosa
  37. acute sinusitus treatment
    • symptom relief
    • decongestant, steroid, analgestic, saline spray
    • amoxicillin is first choice
  38. chronic sinusitus test
    • xray or CT scan
    • endoscopy
  39. chronis sinusitus S/S
    • rarely
    • increased drainage
    • facial or dental pain
    • NON SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS
  40. chronic sinusitus treatment
    broad spectrum antibiotic
  41. upper respiratory consists of
    • nose
    • sinus
    • mouth
    • trachea
  42. upper respirator helps with
    • cleaning
    • moisture
    • warms air
    • catches large and small particles
  43. older adults with chronic diseases
    • cilia slow down residual lung volume
    • cough with force
  44. COPD
    • decrease drive of CO2
    • careful with the amount of O2 pt is put on
  45. lower respiratories 2nd line of defense
    glottis
  46. sleep apnea

    -defined as
    -cessation of
    -pt may experience
    • -partial or complete upper airway obstruction
    • -resp flow 90% or greater lasting longer than 10 sec
    • -hypoxemia or hypercapnia
  47. sleep apnea most often occurs during
    REM sleep
  48. factors for cause of sleep apnea
    • -no single cause
    • -multiple factors related to airway patency and tone of airways musculature
  49. sleep apnea risk factors
    • -obesity
    • -over 65
    • -neck circum over 17 in
    • -smoker
    • men
  50. sleep apnea tests
    • STOP-BANG
    • 5 events per hour lasting 10 sec and 3-4% in o2 decrease
  51. acute bronchitis is viral or bacterial?
    viral
  52. what is acute bronchitus
    self limiting inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory
  53. acute bronchitis S/S
    • -3 week cough
    • -clear mucoid secretion
    • -headache and fever
    • -malaise and hoarse
    • -dyspnea and chest pain
  54. acute bronchitis medication treatment
    • -cough syrup
    • -fluids
    • -humidifier
    • -antiviral drugs zanamiviror or oseltamivir
  55. pnuemonia
    infection of the lung parechyma
  56. organisms that cause pneumonia reach the lungs in 3 ways
    • 1) aspiration of normal flora
    • 2) inhalation of microbes present in the air. (mycoplasma pneumonia and fungal pneumonia)
    • 3) hematogenous spread from a primary infection within the body( streptococci, S. aureus)
  57. community aquired pnuemonia is classifyed when
    have not been hospitilized w/in 14 days of onset of S/S
  58. community aquired pneumonia CURB-65 Scale
    • -confusion
    • -BUN > 20
    • -Resp ≥ 30/min
    • - <90/≤60
    • - 65 years old
  59. community aquired pnuemonia treatment
    - empiric anitbiotic
  60. empiric AB
    initiation of treeatment b4 a diagnosis or causative agent is confirmed
  61. hospital aquired pnuemonia
    • -noscomial
    • -non intubated pt
    • -48 hrs after admin
  62. Aspiration Pnuemonia
    abnormal entry of material from mouth or stomach into trachea or lungs
  63. Aspiration Pnuemonia risk factors
    • -decrease level of conciousness
    • -head injury
    • -stroke
    • -alcohol intake
    • -primary bacterial infection
  64. oppourtunistic pnuemonia
    inflammation of lower respiratory tract in immuno comprimised pt's
  65. oppourtunistic pnuemonia pt are at risk for
    CMV and Carnni
  66. oppourtunistic pnuemonia most common form in HIV pt
    P. jiroveci
  67. pnuemonia S/S
    • -green, yello or rusty sputum
    • -fever and chills
    • -dyspena/tachypena
    • -plueretic chest pain
    • -cough may or may not be productive
    • -hypotension
    • -cyanosis
  68. pnuemonia lung sounds
    fine or coarse crackles
  69. testing for pnuemonia
    • -chest xray
    • -sputujm
    • -blood culture
    • -ABG
    • -WBC
  70. pnumonia S/S in older adults
    hypothermia
  71. fungal infection

    what
    how
    • -infectious process in the lungs
    • -caused by endemic or oppourtunistic fungi
  72. fungal infection treatment
    • amphotericin B IV treatment
    • the 'azoles"
  73. contracting fungal infection
    • -geography
    • -spores
    • -not human to human
    • -coccidioids from soil of dry areas
  74. fungal pnuemonia S/S
    similar to bacterial pnuemonia
  75. lung abcesses
    necrosis of lung tissue resulting from bacteria aspirated from the oral cavity in pt w/ periodontal disease
  76. lung abcesses area most affected
    posterior segment of the upper lobes
  77. lung abcesses S/S
    • -foul or sour sputum
    • -slow
    • -cough producing sputum
    • -hemoptysis
    • -via blood stream
  78. lung abcesses lung sounds
    • -dullness or percussion and decreased breath sounds
    • -crackles
  79. ABG

    where the test is done
    radial or femoral artery
  80. ABG

    what it tests for
    to asses acid-base balance, oxygenation, ventillation, o2 changes and ventilator changes

    • upper and lower problems
    • check for severe breathing and lung problems
  81. oxemitry
    monitors arterial or venous o2 sat

    upper and lower
  82. oxemitry 

    normal SPo2
    normal SVo2
    • -94-99
    • -60-80
  83. xray
    • for sinusitus
    • mostly to confirm chronic sinusitus
  84. CT
    • for suspicious lessions difficult to asses by xray
    • -contrast
  85. polysomnography
    sleep study
  86. chest xray
    changes in resp system

    EX: pnuemonia, lung abscess
  87. CBC
    • measures the cells that make up your blood
    • -wbc, rbc, hbg, hct
  88. hemoglobin

    what it is
    protien in blood that holds o2
  89. hemoglobin

    what it test for
    • amount of hemoglobin available for combo w/ o2
    • -venous blood
  90. hemoglobin

    male
    female
    • 132-173
    • 117-160
  91. hematocrit
    • ration of RBC to plasma
    • -venous blood
  92. increased hematocrit is found in
    chronic hypoxemia
  93. hematocrit

    male
    female
    • 39-50
    • 35-47
  94. lung abscess treatment
    • -monitor vitals, conciousness and respiratory for hypoxemia
    • -IV AB clindamycin ASAP
  95. antitussives
    cough and congestion
  96. corticosteroid
    inflamation
  97. anticholenergenic
    • reduce nasal secretions in common cold and non allergic
    • -helps with cough
    • -upper resp
  98. ventilation
    movement of gasses in and out of lungs
  99. diffusion
    movement of o2 and co2 between alveolia and RBC
  100. perfusion
    distribution of RBC to and from pulm caps
  101. asses ventilation by
    • -rr
    • -depth and rythm
    • -ETCO2
  102. asses diffusion and perfusion by
    determining o2 sat
  103. hypoxemia
    low levels of arterial o2
  104. what does surfactant do
    reduces surface tension of fluid in the lungs and keeps alveoli stable
Author
ChelseaL
ID
339248
Card Set
respiratory
Description
respiratory
Updated

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