-
what is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response
contraction of cutaneuos trunci muscles in response to a pin prick of trunk
-
what is the reflex arch for the panniculus response
sensation from skin of trunk over thoracic and lumbar spinal n. to spinal cord, up cord to lateral thoracic n. out to cutaneous trunci m.
-
clinically what is the panniculus response used to evaluate
level of thoracic spinal cord damage
-
where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response disappears at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae
level of T10 (segment 2 of vertbrae cranial to level of skin b/c nerves pass caudroventrally)
-
what are signs of complete avulusion of the brachial plexus
complete paralysis, extened flaccid limb, unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw
-
does sensation to the caudolateral aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion? Why?
no b/c area innervated by the intercostobrachialis n. which doesn't arise from the brachial plexus
-
what results from damage to the suprascapular nerve
sweeney
-
what is sweeney
- atrophy of supra and infraspinatus m. = prominant scapular spine
- (suprascapular nerve damage)
-
what is the most common and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb
radial paralysis
-
what are the 2 types of radial nerve injury
high and low radial nerve injury
-
where are high and low radial nerve injuries located
- high: before triceps,
- low: after triceps
-
what are signs of high radial nerve paralysis
signs of low radial nerve damage
inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over on digits
knuckling over on digits
-
to what common condition is low radial nerve paralysis a sequela
fracture of the humerus
-
what are 2 ways to tell if a nerve is damaged
loss of skin sensation and loss of motor innervation (loss of function or spongy feel to muscles)
-
what sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury
loss of sensation on dorsal manus
-
how is knuckling of radial nerve paralysis compensated
flip the limb as it is advanced
-
how is loss of motor neurons of the limbs determined
observance of gait; depression of tone and reflexes; palpation of muscles atrophy
-
how is loss of sensory neurons determined
analgesia (loss of sensation
-
what is the most cranial aspect of the upper forelimb
point of te shoulder/ greater tubercle
-
what palpable process separates the lateral surface of the scapula
spine of scapula
-
what is the palpable distal end of the spine of the scapula just proximal to the point of the shoulder
acromion
-
what is the projection on the palmar and lateral side of the carpus
accessory carpal bone
-
the 2 scapulae form what structure
- shoulder girdle
- (cingulum membri thoracic)
-
what connects the thoracic girdle to the axial skeleton
muscle attachments: synarcosis (type of joint)
-
list 3 of four fossae of the scapula
infra and supraspinous, subscapular and glenoid fossae
-
what fossa is caudal to the spine of the scapula
infraspinous fossa
-
what is the constricted part of scapula proximal to the glenoid cavity
neck of scapula
-
what is the small process on the medial side of the supraglenoid tubercule for the attachment of the coracobrachialis muscle
coracoid process
-
what is the bone of the brachium
humerus
-
what 2 joints are associated with the humerus
shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) and elbow
-
with what does the glenoid cavity of the scapula articulate
head of humerus
-
what projection is located craniolateral to the head of the humerus
greater tubercle
-
what groove is between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles
intertubercular (bicipital) groove
-
what is the process on the medial side of the humeral head
lesser tubecle
-
what connects the head of the humerus with the body
neck
-
what is the cylindrical part of the humerus connecting the 2 heads
shaft, body, or diaphysis
-
what is the humeral process distal to the greater tubercle
deltoid tuberosity
-
what sulcus wraps around the lateal side of the humerus
brachial groove
-
what is the entire distal end of the humerus
condyle
-
what arises from the epicondyles of the humerus
- lateral(extensor) epicondyle: extensors of forearm
- medial(flexor) epicondyle: flexors
-
how are the epicondyles palpated
locate elbow joint and feel most lateral and medial points just proximal to this joint
-
what is the caudal excavation of the distal humerus that receives the anconeal process on extension of the elbow
olecranon fossa
-
radius and ulna form the skeleton of what area
forearm or antebrachium
-
name the 2 bones of the antebrachium
radius and ulna
-
what is the space between the ulna and radius
interosseous space
-
what is the point of the elbow
olcranon/olcranon tuberosity
-
what consists of the carpus, metacarpus and digital bones
manus and forepaw
-
what is another common name for the manus
forepaw
-
carpal bones of the wrist are arranged in how many rows
2: proximal and distal
-
carpal bones make up what structure of the limb
carpus (human wrist)
-
what are the carpal bone of the proximal row from medial to lateral
radial, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones
-
how are the bones of the distal carpal row named
numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral
-
on what side of the limb are the radial and ulnar carpal bones respectively
- radial: medial
- ulnar:lateral
-
what is the region between the carpus and the digits
metacarpus
-
how many metacarpal bones does the dog have
4 - 5 depending if there is a dew claw
-
what subdivision of the manus corresponds to the fingers of man
digits
-
list the digital phalanges from proximal to distal
- proximal, middle, distal (P1, P2, P3)
- dewclaw lacks P2
-
what is the tapered, cone-shaped process covered by a horny claw
ungual process
-
give 2 processes on the dog's distal phalanx
ungual, extensor and flexor processes
-
how many (proximal) palmar sesamoid bones does the dog have
2 fo each main digit and 1 for dewclaw
-
what bones make up the dew claw
- 1st metacarpal/tarsal and 1st digit
- (P1, P3 and 1 palmar sesamoid)
-
what makes up the shoulder joint
head of humerua and glenoid cavity of scapula
-
what holds the biceps brachii tendon in the intertubercular groove
transverse humeral ligament
-
how does the tendon sheath of the biceps brachii m. relate to the shoulder joint in the dog
connected
-
what powerful muscle stabilizes the shoulder laterally
infraspinatus tendon
-
what large tendon stabilizes the shoulder medially
subscapularis tendon
-
what is the dense connective tissue surroundsing the shoulder joint
joint capsule
-
what is the shiny blue articular surface of the humeral head
hyaline cartilage
-
what are other names for the shoulder joint
scapulohumeral, humeral articulation
-
what is another name for the elbow joint
cubital joint
-
what tyoe of action does the elbow allow
flexion and extension
-
list the joints of the carpus
- antebrachiocarpal
- middle carpal
- carpometacarpal joints
-
what type of joint is the carpus ? what movement does it allow
- compund/composite hinge joint
- flexion and extension
- (gliding and rotation)
-
what are the intercarpal joints
plane joints between individual carpal bones
-
what is the thick, firmly-attached connective tissue that forms the smooth dorsal wall of the carpal canal
palmar carpal fibrocartilage
-
what are the main structures passing through the carpal canal
DDF, median a. median n.
-
what are the spaces between the metacarpal joints
interosseous space
-
what joint is between a metacarpal bone and a proximal phalanx
metacarpophalangeal joint
-
what are the 2 joints between the phalanges of each main digit
proximal interdigital and distal interdigital (DIP or claw) joint
-
what type of ligaments do all the digital joints have
how does this affect their movement
- medial and lateral collateral ligaments
- limits to mainly flexion and extension
-
what main muscles extend the different digital joints
all by common and lateral digital extensors
-
what is the loose irregular connective tissue deep to the skin
- superficial fascia
- SQ tissue
- subsutis
- (hypodermis, subsutaneous layer, SC tissue)
-
what is fascia deep to the superficial fascia surrounding and compartmentalizing muscles
deep fascia
-
list 2 synonyms for superficial fasica
subcutaneous (SQ or SC) connective tissue, hypodermis, subcutis, tela subcutanea
-
what are the extensoions of the deep fascia compartmentalizing the muscles
septa
-
list 2 cutaneous muscles
- cutaneous trunci
- platysma
- preputial/supramammary m.
-
what muscle is divided by the clavicular intersection
brachiocephalicus m.
-
what is the fibrous remnant of the clavicle located cranial to the shoulder, transversing the brachiocphalicus m
clavicular intersetion/ tendon
-
what are the attachments of the serratus ventralis muscle
last cranial vertebra and the cranial ribs to the medial scapula
-
what extrinsic muscle lie deep to the trapezius muscle
rhomboideus m.
-
what is the tendinous intersection on the dorsal midline where some of the extrinsic muscle of the limb attach
dorsal raphe
-
what muscle extends from the spine and acromion of the scapula over the shoulder joint, to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
deltoid or deltoideus m.
-
what is the origin of the supraspinatus m.
supraspinous fossa
-
what is the origin of the infraspinatus m.
insertion
- infraspinous fossa
- greater tubercle
-
does the shoulder have collateral ligaments
what takes their place
- no
- replaced by subscapular, infraspinatus, suprspinatus, biceps brachii m.
- (also teres major and minor, biceps brachii, corcacobrachialis, deltoideus m)
-
what muscle flexes the elbow and extends the shoulder
biceps brachii m
-
what are the actions of the triceps brachii m
main extensor of elbow and flexes the shoulder (long head)
-
where do the heads of the triceps brachii m originate
insert
olecranon process of ulna
-
what are the actions of the carniolateral forearm (antebrachial) m
extensor: digits and carpus and supinators: paw
-
of what do the caudal antebrachial muscles consit
flexors: digits and carpus and pronator:paw
-
what muscles arise on or near lateral (extensor) epicondyle
extensors of the digits arise
-
where do the caudal antebrachial (flexor) m. originate
medial (flexor) epicondyle of humerus
-
what nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus
radial n
-
what 2 nerves innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus
median and ulnar
-
where does the common/long digital extensor insert
distal phalanges (extensor process)
-
where does the superficial digital flexor insert
middle phalanges of digits 2-5
-
what is the insertion of the deep digital flexor m. (DDF)
distal phalanges
-
what joint does the DDF affect that the SDF doesn't and why
distal interphalangeal joint, crosses it, SDF doesn't
-
what small m. in the superficial fascia of the forearm travels w the cephalic vein
brachioradialis m
-
if all the m are pathologically contracted, which prominate
extensors = extensor rigidity
-
what is a mnemonic to remember the order of extensor m. of the forearm
- Every Cow Loves Us
- (from Medial to lateral)
-
what is the only significant m of the manus in vet med and why
interosseous m b/c of importance in horse
-
what is the sleeve of the superficail digital flexor tendon around the deep digital flexor tendon at the digits
manica flexoria
-
what is the direct continuation of the subclavian artery around the 1st rib to the thoracic limd
Axillary a.
-
what is the continuation of the axillary artery in the arm
brachial a
-
what artery courses between the radius and the ulna deep to the pronator quadratus m
audal interosseous a
-
what is the continuation of the brachial a supplying the forearm
median a (after common interosseous a)
-
what is the continuation of the median artery to the digits
digital a
-
what is the main blood supply to the digits (thoracic limb)
median a
-
list the main blood vessels supplying the thorcaic limb
axillary, brachial, median, and digital a.
-
how much clinical application does knowledge of the vacular supply of the digits have in carnivores
litlle if any (Shively)
-
into what parts can the venous system of the forelimb be divided
deep and superficial veins
-
where are the locations of the cephalic and accessory cephalic veins of the manus: where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein
- cephalis palmar
- accessory cephalicdorsal paw
- meet above carpus
-
what connects the cephalic vein to the brachial vein
where
median cubital vein, cranial to the elbow
-
what main thoracic limb vein return blood towards the heart
cephalic and axillary v
-
what are the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb
- axillary (not palpable)
- accessory axillary (inconsistent, palpable if present)
- superficial cervical (palpable)
-
where is the axillary lymph node located
in axilla, caudal to axillary v
-
what is the brachial plexus
ventral branches of the last few cervical and first one or two thoracic spinal nerves
-
what 2 muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate
supra and infraspinatus
-
what bone does the suprascapula nerve cross
cranial surface of the scapular neck
-
the name nerves of the limbs carry what type of fibers
sensory and motor fibers (ventral branch)
-
what is the function of the cutaneous nerves
carry sensory input from the skin to the central nervous system
-
what is an area of skin innervated by a nerve
cutaneous zone
-
what is an area of skin supplied by only one nerve
autonomus zone (AZ) or dermatome
-
what nerves, that don't arise from the brachial plexus, innervate the skin of the caudolateral aspect of the arm
intercostobrachialis n
-
what nerve innervates the extensors of the elbow and is thus necessary for weight bearing
radial n
-
what is the mnemonic for remembering where the nerves come off the brachial plexus
- SS-MAR-MU
- SS - cranial (supraspinatus, subscapularis)
- MAR - middle (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial)
- MU - caudal (median, ulnar)
-
what 2 nerves innervate the flexor m of the forearm
median and ulnar n
-
what nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits
radial n (extensor nerves)
-
what is the course of the radial nerve in the forearm
deep: into extensor m. of the digits, superficail branches to the skin of the dorsal forepaw
-
where does the radial nerve first reach the skin
lateral arm. under the border of the lateral triceps
-
what is the autonomous cutaneous distribution of the superficail radial nerve
dorsal paw (manus)
-
what is the cutaneous innervation of the paw of the ulnar nerve
abaxial 5th (lateral) digit
-
what are the terminal branches of the median nerve
medial and lateral palmar n
-
list the bones of the proximal row of carpal bones from medial to lateral
radial, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones
-
what are the 2 small bones located at the metacarpophalangeal joints of the 4 weight bearing digits
proximal palmar sesamoid bones
-
where on the thoracic limb do we start using dorsal and palmar
proximal end of carpus
-
what is the normal appearance of the head of humerus in a film
smooth and round, with no flattening
-
what is the primary site for osteochondrosis in the dog
caudal aspect of the head of the humerus
-
how does the subchondral bone appear in OC of the shoulder
flattening or cratering of caudal head of humerus with subchondral bone sclerosis
-
what can cause subluxation of the humeral-radial joint
premature closure of either proximal or distal radial physis
-
can the distal physes of the forearm normally be palpated in young carnivores
yes, considerably enlarged, palpate to carpus (flex carpus)
-
what 2 methods of declawing ensure removal of the ungual crest
removal of P3, or all (including ungual crest) but base of P3
-
what is an onychectomy
removal of a claw - declawing
-
how is a declaw operation performed basically
guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal - distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad
-
why do some veterinarians leave the base of P3 in declawing
preserve insertion of DDF and digital par
-
why do some surgeons remove all of P3 in declawing
to prevent sequestrum
-
briefly describe a dewclaw removal in older dogs
prep, anesthetic, elliptical excision, ligate metatarsal and dorsal proper digital a, disarticulate P1 from Mt1 of attached, if not just remove, suture
-
what type of fractures often occur in the raius and ulna
open
-
how are simple fractures of the ulna and radius often treated
with external casts
-
what is a Monteggia fracture
fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulna with radial head luxation
-
what is required when treating metacarpal/metatarsal fracturs for weight bearing
metacarpal/metatarsals #3 and 4 must be aligned properly
-
why are dogs dewclaws removed
prevention of catching and tearin on things
-
when are dewclaws of dogs best removed
neonate
-
what is osteochondrosis
disturbance of endochondral ossification affecting articular cartilage
-
list 3 sites of osteochondrosis in the dog
- head of humerus (#1)
- troshlea of the humerus
- medial coronoid process of the ulna
- medial trochlea of talus
- lateral condyle of the femur
-
are luxations of the shoulder common in dogs
no
-
what prevents luxtation of the shoulder
thickenings of joint capsule (glenohumeral ligaments) and adjacent muscles
-
what helps prevent luxation of the elbow of the dog
anconeal process in the olecranaon fossa
-
what can cause degneration of the elbow joint
ununited anconeal process and fragmented medial coronoid process
-
what is the lateral coronoid process of the ulna used to determine in lateral radiographs
subluxation of the elbow
-
how are ruptures of the collateral ligament of the elbow diagnosed
by the amount of supination or pronation allowed, compared to the unaffected limb
-
where and when can the olecranon bursa be palpated
at the termination of the long head of the triceps when affected
-
when does communication between the carpal synovial sacs become important
when blocking the carpus in horses
-
what may be required to diagnose carpal fractures
oblique radiograchoic views
-
what are the clinical signs of carpal luxation or subluxation
plantigrade stance, nonweight bearing lameness
-
what causes puppy carpal weakness and how does it present
insuffiecient exerciese resulting in hyperextension of the carpus
-
what is carpal flexion syndrome
puppies stand on flexed carpi, they spontaneously recover
-
what are the clinical signs, treatment and prognosis of old age laxity of the carpus
- CS: plantigrade stance
- no treatment is needed as dog does fine
-
of what clinical importance are the superficail veins of the shoulder region
must be retracted of ligated in surgical approaches to shoulder
-
how is the cephalic vein raised for venipuncture
finger pressure across lateral, cranila, and medial sides of elbow
-
where is venipuncture usually preformed on the cephalic vein
in the forearm above the carpus , start distally so that if you flub you can move up the are
-
why is the external jugular vein, which passes superficially up the neck, hard to perform venipuncture into
moves freely
-
what nerves are involved in the panniculus response
thoracic and lumbar nerves and lateral thoracic nerve from brachial plexus
-
b/c spinal nerves pass caudoventrally, skin senstaion is associated with what spinal cord segment
segment 2 vertebrae cranial to level of skin
-
what common serious injury of all the nerves of the forelimb
complete avulsion (tearing) of brachial plexus associated with HBC
-
does sensation to the caudolateral aspect of the arm rule out complete brachial plexus avulsion
why
no, b/c that area is innervated by the intercostobrahialis n which doesn't arise from the brachial plexus
-
what results from damage to the suprascapular nerve
sweeney
-
how is loss of motor neurons of the limbs determined
observance of gait; depression of tone and reflexes; palpation of muscle atrophy
-
what makes the pint of the shoulder
greater tubercle
-
what is the palpable groove between the 2 tubercles of the humerus
bicipital (intertubercular) groove
-
what small lateral process is distal to the greater tubercle
tendon of biceps brachii m
-
what small lateral process is distal to the greater tubercle
deltoid tubersoity
-
how is the joint distal to the shoulder located
be flexing and extending it - elbow
-
what are the lateral - and medial - most points just proximal to the elbow
lateral and medail epicondyles
-
what is the palpable large process proximal and caudal to the elbow joint
olecranon = point of the elbow
-
what is the difficult to palpate distal end of the trohlear notch
medail coronoid process
-
how is the styloid process of the radius palpated
flex antebrachiocarpal joint and feel distal end of radius on medial side
-
what can be felt on the lateral side of the antebrachiocarpal joint
styloid process of the ulna
-
what is the joint distal to the elbow
how is it found
carpus, by flexing and extending it
-
what are the palpable bones of the metacarpus
metacarpal bones
-
what are the palpable bones of the digits
phalanges
-
what are the palpable joints of the digits
metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (PIP and DIP)
-
what is the pad near the carpus
carpal pad
-
what pad is over the metacarpophalangeal joints
metacarpal pad
-
what are the pads over the digital joints
digital pads
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