Order Primates (Arboreal Adaptations and describe them)
dexterous hands, feet; partially or fully opposable thumbs/big toes
frontal eyes; color vision
short jaws
also-large brains, complex social behavior, and low fecundity
Primate Classifications (3 and describe)
Prosimians- "pre-monkeys"
Anthropoids- monkeys and apes (45 mya)
Hominids- great apes= chimps, gorillas, orangutan, humans
Great Apes (describe and name the 6 extant species)
large-bodied
no tail
species each have differences in social behavior
orangutan, 2 gorilla species, 2 chimpanzee species, and humans
Common ancestor of Pan and Homo lived about 6-7 mya
estimates of 95-97% DNA similarity
Hominin
humans and all relatives since the split with the lineage that led to chimps
"Human"=
homo
Name 2 misconceptions on the evolution of Homo Sapiens and their corresponding realities
1.) hominins as a single, straight lineage leading to humans
reality- a branching tree; coexistence of species
2.) hominins evolved early to hunt large mammanls
reality- early hominins were consumers/scavengers
Australopithecus spp. (mya?)
5-2.2 mya
Homo spp. (mya?)
2.3 mya- present
What was the first innovation?
bipedalism
Australopithecus afarensis (give info)
"ape brain and human body"
bipedal, upright
small groups
arms remained long with curved fingers
Australopithecus garhi
tool maker (for extracting bone marrow)
meat eater
one candidate for species directly ancestral to Homo
All known _______ differ from other _______ by having _________. A. Great apes, primates, eyes on the front of the face B. Hominins, hominids, bipedal posture C. Members of Homo, anthropoids, color vision D. Great apes, hominids, no tails
B. Hominins, hominids, bipedal posture
Homo- the second big innovation
evolved ≥ 2.3 mya
rapid increase in cranial capacity
further jaw reduction-flatter faces
h. habilis- "handy man"
Homo Habilis
made and used sharp tools- early stone age
Homo erectus
evolced 1.9 mya
modern dentition
taller; size dimorphism decreasing
modifications for long distance running/walking
upper body- balance
mid body- hip/gluteus
lower body- joints/tendons/feet
H. etrectus: Out of Africa 2
made multi-purpose hand axes
used fire
expanded into temperate regions and lived in caves
broad, flexible diet
may have cooked food
Homo neanderthalensis
300 to 330 kya
European-wide range
large brain
heavier built than H. sapiens
cold- adapted
Evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens: A contemporary contraversy (2 hypothesis)
Multiregional hypothesis
"Out of Africa 2" hypothesis
Multiregional Hypothesis
H. erectus colonized widely
adapted to local conditions
gradually evolved into H. sapiens
Out of Africa 2 Hypothesis
Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, migrated and displaced H. erectus by 60 kya
Evidence favored which hypothesis? What was the evidence?
Out of Africa 2
Anatomically modern human present in Africa well before H. erectus disappeared
Haplotype
a combination of alleles on different genes transmitted together during meiosis
generated through lack of crossing over
Haplogroup
a group of closely related haplotypes
"Mt-MRCA"
"Mitochondrial Eve"
common maternal ancestor lived in Africa about 200-150 kya
Y-MRCA
"Y-Chromosome Adam" can be traced to Africa (150-250 mya)
True of False: mt-MRCA and Y-MRCA mated with each other and produced all people living today.
false
What are mt-DNA and Y-DNA useful for?
tracing human migrations
There was two Out of Africa Events, what caused them?
genetic bottleneck 60,000-75,000 ya
disease, volcanic winter?
Mt. Toba Eruption: 75 kya
Candidate for bottleneck.
6 yr volcanic winter
Maybe only 15,000 people survived ….mostly in Africa.
Recolonization
H. erectus extinct at bottleneck
Neanderthals survived
DNA sequence shows evidence of....
interbreeding with H. sapiens and Neanderthals
Evidence that Neanderthals could talk:
FOXP2 allele
Hyoid Bone
Which of these is true about Y-Chromosome Adam and Mitochondrial Eve? A. All human genetic diversity can be traced back to these two individuals. B. They both lived at the same time and were mated to each other. C. Mitochondrial Eve lived in Africa, while Y-Chromosome Adam did not. D. They were the first known representatives of our species. E. All living humans can trace their ancestry to these two individuals.
E. All living humans can trace their ancestry to these two individuals.
pop growth tied to female fencundity- inter-birth rates dropped from 4-5 years to less than 2 years
living conditions became cramped
relatively high mortality but higher fecundity
The Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution (about 1850-present)
sanitation, better water supply, etc.
mortality decreased
Medical and Biotechnology Revolution (1950-present)
1940's-60's-antibiotic revolution, peak of average live births per female "Baby Boom"
1970's- genetically altered micro-organisms provide drugs and vaccination
1980's- genetically altered food species
What increased K (carrying capacity)?
the 3 revolutions
Carrying capacity (K) is not fixed, but rather varies _______________. In humans, K has increased as a result of ________________. A. in space, the Agricultural Revolution B. in space, the Industrial Revolution C. in time, the Biotechnology Revolution D. All the above
D. All the above
Negative Consequences of Human Progress (2)
global climate change
6th mass extinction
Global Climate Change
Average global temp. has increased 1.4°F in past 100 years
