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How many members are i the house of rep?
435
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How long ar the terms in the hOuse of rep?
2
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How many members in the senate?
100
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How long is the term for senate?
6 years
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How often deos redistrciting and reapportionment occur?
every 10 years
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This is the change in number of representatives a state gets?
Reapportionment
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This is when the district libes are redrawn base on population size.
Redistricting.
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How often does the cencus takae place?
every 10 years
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This help determines population size in order to do redistricting and reapportionment.
Census
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When distric lines are drawn in order to faveor a certain party, illegal.
Gerrymandering
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What are the two models of representation?
Delegate and trustee
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What is this model of representation where they make decisions based on what they know?
Delegate model
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What is this model of representation where they make decisions based on what the people want even if it if not in their best interest.
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What are the two means of interpreting representatives of congress.
Descriptive and substantive.
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What is descriptive representation?
What does our congress look like, older/middle aged, white, male.
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What is substantive representation?
Does it help the country.
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What are the constitutionally mandated roles for the president?
Chief of state, legislator, diplomat, executive and commander in chief.
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when the president is the titular head of a nation as distinct from the head of the government.
Chief of state
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when the president is encouraging congress to pass certain bills or take specific actions. When congress does pass bills, they can review each bill and decide whether to sign it into law or veto it.
Chief legislator
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When the president has more autonomy in foreign affairs, treaties, executive agreements, receives ambassadors.
Chief diplomat.
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When the president can deploy, or "make" war, but congress declares war.
Commander in chief.
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When the president and make cague policiesm increase the size of federal bureaucracy, executive orders (proclamations, national security devices NSD, presidential decision directives), signing statements.
Chief executive.
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This model of presidency the presidents power is strictly based on what the constitution says.
Whig Model
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This model of presidency the president power is anythign not forbidden in the constitution, this increased the president's power.
Stewardship Model.
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THis model of presidency the power is now centralized on the president, and anything going wrong will essentially fall on the president.
Modern Presidency model.
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When the majority of the population supports the president more after a tragic event.
Rally-Around-the-Flag effect
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Who nominates the federal judges?
President
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How is the federal judges final appointment decided?
Court structure
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This is the dual court system?
State and Federal
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What is in the trial courts?
Original juurisdiction, criminal prosecution, civil lawsuits, plea bargains, and settlements.
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Original jurisdiction.
they get tio hear the case first
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Criminal prosecution
You broke the law
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Civil lawsuit
Some is sueing you
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Plea bargains
Resolution in criminal prosecutions
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settlements
resolition in civil lawsuits
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review decisions from trial courts No jury, judges hear your case
Appellate courts
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What are the three opions that the appelate courts can have?
Concurring, Dissenting, and Majority.
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Agree with the majority but have different rationale as to why youre agreeing.
Concurring opinions
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Disagree with majority
Dissenting opinions
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Opinon of majority of judges, deciding ruling
Majority opinion
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How many justices in the supreme court?
9
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Whi is the Chief Justice?
John G. Roberts, Jr.
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How does the case get to be heard by the supreme court?
Writ of certiorari and rule of four
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orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it. Petition for case to be heard, the rule of four happens they grant the writ ?yes we will hear your case?
Write of certiorari
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a Supreme Court of the United States practice that permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. This is done specifically to prevent a majority of the Court from controlling the Court's docket.
Rule of four
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Bases for judicial decision-making
Case precedent, original intent, and flexible interpretation
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Judges uphold past decisions
Case precedent
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Inteprets the document as it was explicitly meant
Original intent
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More liberal values in interpretation.
Flexible interpretation
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What is mass media?
newspapersm magazines, radio, TV, and web.
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What are Howrad Lasswell's 3 functions of media?
Surveillance, Interpretation, and socialization
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Investigative reporting, exposing corruption in government, protecting civil liberties
Surveillance
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Putting events into context & helping people understand the complexities
Interpretation
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Teaches political facts and opinions that help form our political belief structures and our political culture
Socialization
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what are the regulations placed of media?
Fairness doctrine and equal time rule
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a former federal policy in the US requiring television and radio broadcasters to present contrasting viewpoints on controversial issues of public importance
Fairness doctrine
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requires equal airtime for all major candidates competing for political office
Equal time rule
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what are some consequences of social media and monopolies.
Echo chambers, incidentail exposure, selective exposure, and framing.
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Where every viewpoint is the same political view from multiple sources
echo chamber
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pursuit of political news that confirm your bias
selective bias
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Bicameralism means that a legislative body is one
with two chambers, providing checks and balances on policy making.
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Members of Congress differ from the larger American population in they are disproportionately
white, upper-middle-class, middle-aged, and male
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How many senators are elected from each state
2
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is the drawing of district lines to the favor of one political parties
Gerrymandering
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are under-represented in Congress.
Africans Americans, Hispanics, Independents, Women, All of the Above.
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each state has how many senators elected every how many years?
2,6
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test question:Which statement is true of the House of Representatives?
Members are elected every two years and apportioned to states based on population.
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What best represents the trend of party polarization over the last three decades?
Party polarization has increased as bipartisanship has decreased.
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is the process of allotting congressional seats to each state according to its proportion of the population; this is redone every 10 years.
reapportionment
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is an executive policy statement having the force of law.
executive order
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What distinguishes the whig model of presidential power from the stewardship model of presidential power
In the Whig model, presidents are limited to the powers explicitly stated in the constitution.
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What distinguishes the modern presidency from the institution originally envisioned by the Framers of the Constitutions?
The modern Presidency has become the central focus of American politics since the 1930s, supplanting Congress as the "first branch" of government.
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How might rallying events (causing the rally -round-the flag effect) affect presidential politics?
Rallying events tend to temporarily increase presidential approval, ratings, providing windows of opportunity to press for action on their agendas.
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Over the last 200 years, the presidency-
has become more powerful
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What was the turning point that gave rise to the modern institutional presidency?
the economic and social turmoil of the Great Depression
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What distinguishes modern presidents from early presidents?
Modern presidents are much more active in the formulation of policy than early presidents.
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How might presidents use their powers of persuasion in the legislative process?
in a bargaining with Congress to support their policy agendas
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Which of these presidents is arguably the first modern president?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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Which of the following is an example of the rally-round-the-flag effect?
George W. Bush's popularity was boosted following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
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Which of the following confirms justices to the Supreme Court?
Senate
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The authority to be the first court to hear a case is which type of jurisdiction?
original
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The existence of two court systems within each state reflects American __________, under which state governments and the federal government both exercise authority over law and public policy.
Federalism
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Which of the following is an opinion written by a justice in the majority that outlines additional considerations he or she thinks are important?
concurring
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One of the differences between criminal law and civil law is that in civil law
there is no charge that a law has been violated
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If ________ Supreme Court justices agree to grant review of a case, it can be scheduled for oral argument or decided on the basis of the written record already on file with the Court.
4
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A petition submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court to review a lower court decision is called a writ of____________
certiorari
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Only a(n) _________ court can review the decisions of a lower court.
appellate
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is the process by which people learn political information, organize political knowledge, and develop political values.
political socialization
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Public opinion is best defined as:
what the public thinks about government and politics
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A person with which of the following ideologies is most likely to oppose major increases in government spending for health care and to favor government funding of faith-based social service agencies that help the poor?
a person with conservative ideology
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Of the following, which is a problem for the future of administering public opinion surveys by telephone?
rising reliance on cell phones to the exclusion of land lines
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Of the following, which does the textbook identify as an agent of political socialization?
media
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Which of the following is not an agent of political socialization?
race
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_________ is likely to be the strongest agent of political socialization, due to the Primacy Principle, which is the theory that what is learned first is learned best.
family
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More accurate polls use samples that are selected
randomly
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Two major schools of political ideology dominate American politics. What are they
liberalism and conservatism
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The three elements of party organization has three general components. Which one refers to the formal structure that sets rules for party operations and provides services for various party units and candidates?
party as organization
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Al Gore, in the presidential election of 2000, won the __________ but did not win the presidency.
popular vote
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Which of the following states use proportional representation to distribute their electoral votes to presidential candidates in presidential elections
maine and nebraska
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How do minor parties facilitate democracy in the United States? by challenging the constitutional supports for the two-party model
by bringing more citizens into the political process with issue awareness
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The process in which party members attend a neighborhood meeting, share ideas and concerns about particular candidates, and cast a ballot for pledged delegates to attend a statewide meeting is called a(n) _______.
Caucus
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How are presidential primaries different from presidential caucuses?
Primaries involve voting by ballot, whereas caucuses take place in a local meeting
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What institutional feature helps prevent the rise of minor parties?
the Electoral College
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The "party in government" (PIG) comprises:
those politicians who have been elected into office under a party label
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Which of the following could be a negative outcome from an open primary system?
Democrats might vote for a Republican candidate who is not considered as strong as a front-running candidate.
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How are minor political parties usually significant, in the lead up to an election?
They push major parties to incorporate new ideas through a process referred to as absorption.
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The idea that differing thoughts and ideas compete for acceptance is sometimes known as the _____
marketplace of ideas
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What is ostensibly the reason for a free press?
to keep the government in line
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When the media dispense political facts and opinions, helping people form their political belief structures and political culture, media are performing their __________ function.
socialization
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This Federal Communication Commission rule requires equal airtime for all major candidates competing for political office. This is called __________.
the equal time rule
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When a journalist covers societal ills, such as corruption in politics or abuses in business, the journalist is said to be engaged in __________.
investigative reporting
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he general trend in media ownership in the twentieth century has been
__toward greater consolidation and concentration of ownership___.
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Who theorized that the media performs the three important social functions of surveillance, interpretation, and socialization?
Harold Lasswell
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is when people search for media content than confirms with their preconceptions about politics.
selective exposure
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The increasing centralization and concentration of media ownership is an issue of concern because it
offers fewer perspectives on current events______.
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The media?s surveillance function
draws attention to scandals aor corruption inn government
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How might presidents use their powers of persuasion in the legislative process?
In convincing Congress to support their policy agendas
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What role does a President play when celebrating a national holiday? *Know the five roles*
Chief of state/head of state
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What role was Barack Obama performing when vetoed House of Representative 3808?
Chief legislator
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What role was President Trump performing when he signed Executive Order 13769?
Chief executive
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Bicameralism means that a legislative body has
Two chambers, providing checks and balances on policy making
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The existence of a two court system within each state reflects American
Federalism
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How are presidential primaries different from presidential caucuses?
Primaries involve voting by ballot; caucuses are a meeting
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What are the three elements of parties (the tripartite structure)?
Government, electorate, and organization
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A consistent set of beliefs that forms a person?s philosophy regarding the role of government?
Political ideology
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Political socialization is ______
Process by which you learn political information and values
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Adherents of which political ideology believe that most governmental action should be limited?
Libertarianism
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Who theorized that the media performs the three important social functions?
Howard Laswell
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_____ is when people search for media content than confirms their preconceptions about politics
Selective exposure
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Presidents are expected to do much more than their authority allows them. What are the means taht presidents use to influence policy?
Persuasion and bargaining.
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What positions a president to be more persuasive?
Bargaining advantage, Professional reputation, and public prestige
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what techmological changed have facilitated an increase in "going Public" by presidents?
Internet,social media, etc.
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What are the 5 agents of socialization?
Family, school, church, events, and media
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What are the factors that influence strength of attitude transmission?
Intensity(how polar it is), directional consistency ( constistantly Dem or Rep), and timing (frequency)
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Takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics. typically believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
Liberal
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Generally believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Also believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals.
Conservative
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seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people.
Populist
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seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, and individual judgment.
Libertarian
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Accidentally only getting one view point
Incidental exposure
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information that select some aspects or a percieved reality and make them more salient in a communication text
framing
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Political party elements:
PIG PIE and PO
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What is PIG?
Party in government: elected officials
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what is PIE?
Party in the electorate: voters
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What is PO?
Party Organization: party leaders
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A telephone pollster decides to minimize costs by excluding cell phone numbers from a sample of the population being surveyed about changes in the tax law. Which group is likely to be underrepresented in this pollster?s sample?
The elderly
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Women over 40 make up 47% of the population, yet are just _____ of woemn on TV.
26%
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_____ is likely to be the strongest agent of political socialization due to teh primacy principal.
Family.
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Nacy Pelosi, Dem Rprest. from CA, described a question she would get from media when she campaigned for her first race, in the 1980s, that she pointed out is rarely asked of men who run for office. What was that question?
Who will take care of your children if you are elected?
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Miss representation focuses on a number of ways in whioch the media is bias against women in politics. Which one of those ways?
Media ofteb describe women's speaking verbs in negative terms, such as "attacked" or "whined".
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Are there some states in the US that have never elected a female governot?
yes
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A person with which of the following ideologies is most likely to oppose givernment intervention in economic issues, but favor government regulation of social issues?
A person with a conservative ideology.
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The US ranks ___ in the world in terms of the number of women in national legislatures.
90th
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This contributes to lower levels of political efficacy amongst young women.
Self-objectification
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Public opinion is best defined as:
The public's attitudes about the government and politics
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