Anthro 2A Final

analyzing relationships in a single society (village)

analyzing relationships in between societies (colonialism, globalization, trade)

• practice of building and running an empire
• one society dominating another society

• a form of imperialism
• involves the direct administration of people

• "Discovery of the New World
• Early Industrial Capitalism
• Late 19th and Early 20th Century

• Spain, Portugual
• United provinces of Netherlands, Great Britain, and France
• Imperialism similar to that of former empires

• Great Britain in the 18th and early 19th Centuries
• Industrial Capitalism
• New economic demands such as raw materials and markets

• other nations industrialize
• dividing up the World
• Japan

• send people to form markets/start colonies
• penal colonies:convicts sent overseas

• mining
• plantations growing cash crops

Direct Coercion:force the people to work for you

• direct coercion
• taking local peoples and turning them into slaves

• direct coercion
• get people to think they were trading, then force them down and force them to sign into indentured servant agreements

• direct coercion
• colonial order for people to work on a project for an amount of time

• taxes (had to be payed in colonial's currency)
• take away people's land (ex. British Colonial Administration of Kenya took 70% of Kenya's land)

• Depopulation
• Dispossession of Land
• Abusive forms of labor control
• Environmental degradation
• Undermining local cultural tradition

• N & S America and Pacific Islands
• small pox, measles, and influenza wiped out millions of people
• Native American Populations- 15th century:7 million people; pop. low point was 390,000 with a drop of over 90%

• German colony of SW Africa
• Heroro revolted
• 1500 German troops sent to retake the colony
• Heroro population of 120,000 reduced to 20,000 by 1906

attempt to wipe out an entire group (ethnically, racially, etc.)

• cultural ordering of space
• transform "nature" to "culture"
• State of California payed Indian bounty hunters ($10 for a scalp, $20 for a head)

• poor quality land
• Native Americans were forced to move here
• they had no economic opportunity

• Andrew Jackson issued this
• Native Americans were forced to move to marginal lands/reserves
• Trail of Tears

• communal land is inalienable (belongs to lineage)
• colonizer changed land from communal to privatized (alienable)

to put market value on land

• alienable- no connection to prior people
• inalienable- has lasting association with a person, context, event (ex. inalienable rights)

• they had communal land in Hawaii
• people who wanted sugar cane pressured the King to privatize the land
• in 1848 the lands were privatized so missionaries began buying the land while the common people were losing the land
• this eventually began the sugar cane market

• abusive form of labor
• there was extreme punishments for silly things

• Germans took over and found phosphate
• example of environmental degradation
• completely destroyed the land

• Scientific Racism
• Unilinear Social Evolutionism
• Social Darwinism

dehumanization; failure to qualify for human rights

• evolution in a series or sequence
• Savagery-Barbarism-Civilization
• "white man's burden" is to change the ones that are "stuck"

• more fit societies come to dominate less fit societies in control of limited resources
• it's believed to be a natural process
• naturalizes and legitimizes mistreatment/genocide

former colonies are now independent, but imperialism still continues- elite take control of resources, economic/political relationships still exist

unilinear evolution of nations, asking elderly how we got to where we are now, therefore you can learn history and see change

ideological justification for outsiders to guide natives in specific directions

power comes in multiple forms, whether it be economical, political, military, or social

• Core
• Semiperipherary
• Peripherary

• fully industrialized nations with high standards of living multiple indistries
• import raw materials
• export goods

• industrialized but not enough influence
• in between core and peripherary

• little industrialization
• small amounts of industries
• labor intensive
• import goods
• export raw materials

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry is controlled by a private owner for profit, rather than by state

a form of misrepresentation

• people work for low wages
• corporations see opportunities in overseas labor

production is easy, made routine

• management techniques
• set up labor as an assembly line
• do not require skill because you only learn one step

• activities operate many countries
• factories/marketing/ HQs may be in different countries

zones in countries that do not follow certain laws in order to create incentives for multi-national corporations to come to that country

• process of creating capitalist workers out of people who previously produced their own food for consumption and sale
• ex. women factory workers of Malaysia

effect of the exercise of power on subjugated workers and their compliance with production

men in power, but daughters spend time around mothers

spoken in terms of shaping social practices

• do what you're told, no strikes/complaints
• young women are prioritized in the factories because they are docile

• near the equator off the top of Thailand
• former British colony
• now an independent nation that wants to industrialize

• a plan so Malaysia would be fully industrialized by the year 2020
• encourage foreign investment

• Malay hamlet/village
• smaller than a town
• basic community

• older cultural order/system
• underlying matrilineal emphasis
• strong connection between mother and children

• religion
• part of culture source that came from India
• introduced in Malaysia

• men are spiritually strong, able to resist temptations
• women are spiritually weak, threat to men, influenced by feelings

men hold authority and control women because they are a threat to men

• wome'n use body to tempt men
• this can destroy a man's purity therefore women must be controlled

women cannot go outside of the village because the Hantu might be lurking and women are not strong enough to fight off Hantu

a "demon" that "possesses" a woman worker (actually a nervous breakdown)

• Youth, virgins- weakest state, under protective authority of father, can't leave village
• Sexually mature women- a little spiritually stronger, greatest threat to men, under husband's authority
• Elderly women- spiritually strong, no longer a threat to men, most respected, no supervision, no Hantu possessions

• divorced or widowed woman
• most dangerous woman of all
• not under a male authority
• note- Janda lies outside of village cultural categories

• in Kampung "time is passed, not spent", time flows with rhythm of prayers, chores, and activities
• in the factory the clock regulates the day, "now is spent", women are constantly changing work shifts, "fractured day"

clock dictates what you do at all times in the factory, stressful

work and socializing time are separate

• Sons- expected to go to secondary school, long periods of unemployment are ok, working up to a government job
• Daughters- expected to go to elementary school then get married and have children

• working daughters bring income in household therefore bring leverage
• brothers borrow money from them
• women allocate money

• single young women, temporary work, keep labor costs low,
• inefficiencies by deteriorating eyesight.

docile workforce, male supervisors are linked to fathers, use of kin terms

pushing women to work more/faster

• Factory- surveillance by men; double sided mirrors; factory clothing; targets body location/position/layout
• Kampung- no supervision if any done by women

crying, "accidents", bathroom/prayer hall breaks, spirit possession

• factories were built on forests where Hantu was said to be
• possessed women must have an exorcism performed on them

• the idea of making power relations natural based on biological body determinants
• women bodies were made to work, they have more butt padding, smaller more gentle hands etc.

• justification for position in society based on biological factors
• power of culture to naturalize

negatively viewed, said to be sluts, walking around town unsupervised, too "bebas"

• unrestricted by custody
• freedom to do whatever they want
• sinful

• spirit possession leads to the factory being shut down
• it's a culturally appropriate form of resistance by the women in their politically weak position

a state of affairs where the power relations of societies are accepted- taken to be natural, "by God"

• public- seeming acceptance of public relations
• hidden- what is said outside of master's presence

a communicated message about what's true

• a discourse in which the message justifies the power relations in societies
• ex. divine power of king- political order mirrors divine order

• challenges the way political decisions are made
• revolutionary discourse
• when resistance goes "underground"

when one uses anthropology perspectives, theories, methods, or data to identify and solve problems

tendency to view lesser developed countries as all the same without considering the cultural differences that actually exists

the world is interconnected

take away culture from a group of peoples and force your own on them

taking an object/idea and changing it to fit another culture's context

dispersion of any people from their homeland

describes a world in which traditional standards contrasts group boundaries and identities are opening up/breaking down

• women cannot withstand PMS(premenstrual syndrome)
• excuse to keep women inside homes

• sperm- does a lot of work
• egg- lazy/does nothing, is "in distress"

• sperm is created daily- aggressive
• egg is unproductive- wasteful and passive

• women are born with all their eggs
• men make sperm daily
• but women are still wasteful

sperm is actually weak, egg lets the sperm in

• aggressive sperm- active, masculine men
• passive egg= weak, vulnerable women

• premenstrual syndrome- physical/behavioral/emotional "symptoms"
• both biologically/social relations

• women use brain less; more energy
• PMS takes a lot of energy; rich women can take time off but poor women need to work

schedule harder work around period for distraction

• Ivory Coast- cyclic change in women's usual activities
• Yurok- powerful; at peak; meditate

PMS is the fault of why husband is failing at work

women who PMS don't do chores; yell at the kids

• makes women seem weak
• victims of nature
• men are stronger
• naturalness of male authority in society

• society
• it's a cultural construct that is seen as a bad thing
• PMS is seen differently in other cultures

protests against societies that are accepted because they are viewed as natural