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Local Levels of Social Analysis
analyzing relationships in a single society (village)
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Macro Levels of Social Analysis
analyzing relationships in between societies (colonialism, globalization, trade)
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Imperialism
- practice of building and running an empire
- one society dominating another society
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Colonialism
- a form of imperialism
- involves the direct administration of people
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Three waves of W. European Imperialism
- "Discovery of the New World
- Early Industrial Capitalism
- Late 19th and Early 20th Century
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"Discovery" of the New World
- Spain, Portugual
- United provinces of Netherlands, Great Britain, and France
- Imperialism similar to that of former empires
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Early Industrial Capitalism
- Great Britain in the 18th and early 19th Centuries
- Industrial Capitalism
- New economic demands such as raw materials and markets
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Late 19th and Early 20th Century
- other nations industrialize
- dividing up the World
- Japan
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Profit and Colonies: Direct Settlement
- send people to form markets/start colonies
- penal colonies:convicts sent overseas
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Profit and Colonies: Develop Research Extraction
- mining
- plantations growing cash crops
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Profit and Colonies: Make use of the Labor of Local People
Direct Coercion:force the people to work for you
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Slave Trade
- direct coercion
- taking local peoples and turning them into slaves
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Blackbirding in the Pacific
- direct coercion
- get people to think they were trading, then force them down and force them to sign into indentured servant agreements
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Concription
- direct coercion
- colonial order for people to work on a project for an amount of time
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Indirect means of accessing labor of local people
- taxes (had to be payed in colonial's currency)
- take away people's land (ex. British Colonial Administration of Kenya took 70% of Kenya's land)
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Impacts of Colonialism on the Colonized (5)
- Depopulation
- Dispossession of Land
- Abusive forms of labor control
- Environmental degradation
- Undermining local cultural tradition
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Disease
- N & S America and Pacific Islands
- small pox, measles, and influenza wiped out millions of people
- Native American Populations- 15th century:7 million people; pop. low point was 390,000 with a drop of over 90%
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Heroro Revolt of 1904
- German colony of SW Africa
- Heroro revolted
- 1500 German troops sent to retake the colony
- Heroro population of 120,000 reduced to 20,000 by 1906
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Genocide
attempt to wipe out an entire group (ethnically, racially, etc.)
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The "Frontier"
- cultural ordering of space
- transform "nature" to "culture"
- State of California payed Indian bounty hunters ($10 for a scalp, $20 for a head)
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Reserves
- poor quality land
- Native Americans were forced to move here
- they had no economic opportunity
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Indian Removal Act of 1830
- Andrew Jackson issued this
- Native Americans were forced to move to marginal lands/reserves
- Trail of Tears
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Land Tenure- Privatization Land vs. Communal Land
- communal land is inalienable (belongs to lineage)
- colonizer changed land from communal to privatized (alienable)
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Commodification
to put market value on land
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Alienable and Inalienable
- alienable- no connection to prior people
- inalienable- has lasting association with a person, context, event (ex. inalienable rights)
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The Mahale
- they had communal land in Hawaii
- people who wanted sugar cane pressured the King to privatize the land
- in 1848 the lands were privatized so missionaries began buying the land while the common people were losing the land
- this eventually began the sugar cane market
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Rubber Production in the Belgian Congo
- abusive form of labor
- there was extreme punishments for silly things
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Phosphate mining on Nauru
- Germans took over and found phosphate
- example of environmental degradation
- completely destroyed the land
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Anthropological Theory and Colonialism
- Scientific Racism
- Unilinear Social Evolutionism
- Social Darwinism
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Scientific Racism
dehumanization; failure to qualify for human rights
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Unilinear Social Evolutionism
- evolution in a series or sequence
- Savagery-Barbarism-Civilization
- "white man's burden" is to change the ones that are "stuck"
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Social Darwinism
- more fit societies come to dominate less fit societies in control of limited resources
- it's believed to be a natural process
- naturalizes and legitimizes mistreatment/genocide
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Imperialism and the Post Colonial World
former colonies are now independent, but imperialism still continues- elite take control of resources, economic/political relationships still exist
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"Development"
unilinear evolution of nations, asking elderly how we got to where we are now, therefore you can learn history and see change
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Intervention Philosophies
ideological justification for outsiders to guide natives in specific directions
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Power and Representions
power comes in multiple forms, whether it be economical, political, military, or social
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Capitalist World System (3)
- Core
- Semiperipherary
- Peripherary
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Capitalism World System- Core
- fully industrialized nations with high standards of living multiple indistries
- import raw materials
- export goods
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Capitalism World System- Semiperipherary
- industrialized but not enough influence
- in between core and peripherary
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Capitalism World System- Peripherary
- little industrialization
- small amounts of industries
- labor intensive
- import goods
- export raw materials
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Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry is controlled by a private owner for profit, rather than by state
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Totalizing
a form of misrepresentation
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Capitalism on the Peripherary
- people work for low wages
- corporations see opportunities in overseas labor
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Routinization of Production
production is easy, made routine
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Taylorism
- management techniques
- set up labor as an assembly line
- do not require skill because you only learn one step
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Multi-National Corporations
- activities operate many countries
- factories/marketing/ HQs may be in different countries
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Free Trade Zones (FTZ)
zones in countries that do not follow certain laws in order to create incentives for multi-national corporations to come to that country
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Proliterianization
- process of creating capitalist workers out of people who previously produced their own food for consumption and sale
- ex. women factory workers of Malaysia
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Capitalist Discipline
effect of the exercise of power on subjugated workers and their compliance with production
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Anthropological Perspective on "the Political"
men in power, but daughters spend time around mothers
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Power
spoken in terms of shaping social practices
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Docile Bodies
- do what you're told, no strikes/complaints
- young women are prioritized in the factories because they are docile
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Malaysia
- near the equator off the top of Thailand
- former British colony
- now an independent nation that wants to industrialize
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2020 Program (plan)
- a plan so Malaysia would be fully industrialized by the year 2020
- encourage foreign investment
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Kampung (Village)
- Malay hamlet/village
- smaller than a town
- basic community
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Adat
- older cultural order/system
- underlying matrilineal emphasis
- strong connection between mother and children
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Islam
- religion
- part of culture source that came from India
- introduced in Malaysia
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Rural Malay Gender Constructions
- men are spiritually strong, able to resist temptations
- women are spiritually weak, threat to men, influenced by feelings
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Gender and Authority in Village Homes
men hold authority and control women because they are a threat to men
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Female Threats to Male Spiritual Purity
- wome'n use body to tempt men
- this can destroy a man's purity therefore women must be controlled
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Dangerous Places
women cannot go outside of the village because the Hantu might be lurking and women are not strong enough to fight off Hantu
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Spirits (Hantu)
a "demon" that "possesses" a woman worker (actually a nervous breakdown)
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Stages of a Woman's Life
- Youth, virgins- weakest state, under protective authority of father, can't leave village
- Sexually mature women- a little spiritually stronger, greatest threat to men, under husband's authority
- Elderly women- spiritually strong, no longer a threat to men, most respected, no supervision, no Hantu possessions
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Janda
- divorced or widowed woman
- most dangerous woman of all
- not under a male authority
- note- Janda lies outside of village cultural categories
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Time in the Kampung vs. the Factory
- in Kampung "time is passed, not spent", time flows with rhythm of prayers, chores, and activities
- in the factory the clock regulates the day, "now is spent", women are constantly changing work shifts, "fractured day"
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Tyranny of the Clock
clock dictates what you do at all times in the factory, stressful
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Fractured Day
work and socializing time are separate
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Education and Work Differences between Sons and Daughters
- Sons- expected to go to secondary school, long periods of unemployment are ok, working up to a government job
- Daughters- expected to go to elementary school then get married and have children
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Changes in Authority in the Village
- working daughters bring income in household therefore bring leverage
- brothers borrow money from them
- women allocate money
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Microchip Factories an the FTZ- attracting a young female workforce
- single young women, temporary work, keep labor costs low,
- inefficiencies by deteriorating eyesight.
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Micro-chip factories in FTZ- reproduction of patriarchy in the factory
docile workforce, male supervisors are linked to fathers, use of kin terms
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Micro-chip factories in FTZ: unlimited production demands
pushing women to work more/faster
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Discipline in the Factory vs. in the Kampung
- Factory- surveillance by men; double sided mirrors; factory clothing; targets body location/position/layout
- Kampung- no supervision if any done by women
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Worker Response to Stress
crying, "accidents", bathroom/prayer hall breaks, spirit possession
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Spirit Possession on the Shop Floor
- factories were built on forests where Hantu was said to be
- possessed women must have an exorcism performed on them
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Bio-Politics (Bio-Power)- construction of the female bodies
- the idea of making power relations natural based on biological body determinants
- women bodies were made to work, they have more butt padding, smaller more gentle hands etc.
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Biological Determinism
- justification for position in society based on biological factors
- power of culture to naturalize
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Public Perceptions of the Female Worker
negatively viewed, said to be sluts, walking around town unsupervised, too "bebas"
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Bebas
- unrestricted by custody
- freedom to do whatever they want
- sinful
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Spirit Possession as Resistance
- spirit possession leads to the factory being shut down
- it's a culturally appropriate form of resistance by the women in their politically weak position
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Hegemony
a state of affairs where the power relations of societies are accepted- taken to be natural, "by God"
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Public Transcript and Hidden Transcript
- public- seeming acceptance of public relations
- hidden- what is said outside of master's presence
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Discourse
a communicated message about what's true
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Hegemony Discourse
- a discourse in which the message justifies the power relations in societies
- ex. divine power of king- political order mirrors divine order
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Counter-Hegemony Discourse
- challenges the way political decisions are made
- revolutionary discourse
- when resistance goes "underground"
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Applied Anthropology
when one uses anthropology perspectives, theories, methods, or data to identify and solve problems
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Underdifferentiation
tendency to view lesser developed countries as all the same without considering the cultural differences that actually exists
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Globality
the world is interconnected
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Cultural Imperialism
take away culture from a group of peoples and force your own on them
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Indigenizing Popular Culture
taking an object/idea and changing it to fit another culture's context
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Diaspora
dispersion of any people from their homeland
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Postmodernism in Anthropology
describes a world in which traditional standards contrasts group boundaries and identities are opening up/breaking down
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Medical Discourse and Gender
- women cannot withstand PMS(premenstrual syndrome)
- excuse to keep women inside homes
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Science's Use of Metaphors for Egg and Sperm
- sperm- does a lot of work
- egg- lazy/does nothing, is "in distress"
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Construction of Spermatogenesis and Oogeneis
- sperm is created daily- aggressive
- egg is unproductive- wasteful and passive
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The Data: Egg and Sperm Production
- women are born with all their eggs
- men make sperm daily
- but women are still wasteful
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The Data: Fertilization
sperm is actually weak, egg lets the sperm in
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The A Priori Interpretation of Data
- aggressive sperm- active, masculine men
- passive egg= weak, vulnerable women
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PMS
- premenstrual syndrome- physical/behavioral/emotional "symptoms"
- both biologically/social relations
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Cult of Invalidism
- women use brain less; more energy
- PMS takes a lot of energy; rich women can take time off but poor women need to work
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Research and Economic Cycles- PMS & Menstruation
schedule harder work around period for distraction
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Menstruation in Cross Cultural Perspective- Ivory Coast & Yurok
- Ivory Coast- cyclic change in women's usual activities
- Yurok- powerful; at peak; meditate
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Discipline in Workplace
PMS is the fault of why husband is failing at work
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Discipline at Home
women who PMS don't do chores; yell at the kids
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PMS and Gender Roles
- makes women seem weak
- victims of nature
- men are stronger
- naturalness of male authority in society
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PMS-Flaws of Women or of Society?
- society
- it's a cultural construct that is seen as a bad thing
- PMS is seen differently in other cultures
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Spirit Possession and PMS as Resistance
protests against societies that are accepted because they are viewed as natural
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