List an example of both primary and secondary public health prevention
Primary: disease prevention
Secondary: fluoride treatments
When dental health is neglected, it is largely becuase of:
minimal inherent value to oral health
Name an example of a national effort that involved collaboration of various partners
National Oral Health Surveillance System, Surgeon General’s Report, National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health, Healthy People 2010
Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
a. African American males have the highest incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancers in the United States and their five-year survival rates are lower than the rest of the population.
b. Dental caries is the single most common chronic children’s disease.
c. Over 50% of child abuse cases involve head and oral facial trauma.
d. Uninsured children are 2.5 times less likely than insured children to receive dental care.
e. Less than 200 school hours are lost to dental related illness each year.
Less than 200 school hours are lost to dental related illness each year.
Which one of the following is an accurate representation of a current dental public health workforce issue?
a. Currently, there are many options for dental hygienists to pursue advanced education or credentialing in dental public health.
b. Ethnic representation in the dental public health workforce does not mirror representation in the population served by public health programs.
c. Salaries for dental public health positions are not much different than salaries in private dental or dental hygiene practice.
d. Too many graduates are applying for dental public health advanced education programs.
e. The number of dental professionals applying for government jobs has increased in the past few years.
The number of dental professionals applying for government jobs has increased in the past few years.
In the Indian Health Service PowerPoint, what was listed as the treatment which provided the greatest benefit for the population?
a. Sealants
b. Fluoride
c. school screenings
d. all the above
all the above
When is school water fluoridation recommended?
When an independent water source is available
What is the optimal level of water fluoridation?
7ppm/L
All of the following groups have limited access to oral health care EXCEPT:
a. Working professionals
b. Rural residents
c. People of low socioeconomic position
d. Poor children
e. Minorities
Working professionals
Name the primary reason for developing the National Institute of Dental Research.
To address the national dental problems discovered through selective service rejections.
List the year controlled clinical trials of water fluoridation began.
1945
In the Surgeon General’s Report, A National Call to Action to Promote Oral Health, five actions are listed. Name them.
1. Change public perception of oral health
2. Increase oral health workforce diversity, capacity and flexibility
3. Build the science base and accelerate science transfer
4. Overcome barriers by replicating effective programs and proven efforts
5. Increase collaboration.
State dental public health units originally developed as a result of:
Maternal and Child Health grants to states
Name the primary department of the federal government that oversees public health activities at the national level.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
What organization monitors health issues on a global scale?
World Health Organization (WHO)
The primary difference between public health and private practice is:
the community is the client, rather than the individual.
List advantages for alternate models of health care delivery (consider cost, supervision, quality).
Alternative models have been successful worldwide;
indicate that non-dentist providers can provide care without supervision;
indicate non-dentist providers are less expensive to educate;
indicate non-dentist providers provide quality care.
Which of the following persons is least likely to have difficulty accessing dental care?
a. A 59-year old state government worker
b. A frail, elderly woman who is homebound
c. A 20-year old male, Hispanic, migrant agricultural worker
d. A 40-year old female American Indian in and isolated Alaskan village
e. A 2-year old who lives in a single-parent family with his five brothers and is eligible for, but not enrolled in Medicaid
A 59-year old state government worker
List at least three trends that may increase access to oral health care.
Teledentistry
Mobile and portable services
Safety-net dental clinics
Volunteerism
Expanded function dental hygienists
Community coalitions
Less restrictive dental and dental hygiene state practice acts.
List additional job opportunities (five) for a dental hygienist other than working in private practice:
Commissioned officer with the US Public Health Service
US Civil Service
Veterans Affairs dental services
National Health Service corps
Contract employee on a military base
School-based programs
Head Start
Dental Sealant programs
State opportunities
Researchers, educators, independent contractors
Federal prisons
Although fluoridation is the only community health issue that is voted upon, the target goal of the Healthy People 2010 for fluoridation is _jQuery112406207405569793749_1521232885123%_ of community water supplies.
79.6
What is one of the 10 most successful PH programs of the 20th century?
Water Fluoridation (successful, cost-effective way to decrease dental caries in a population.)
What is the optimum fluoride concentration in water?
0.7 ppm
The primary mode of action for of fluoridation is:
Topical (Fluoride prevents dental caries by inhibiting demineralization, increasing remineralization, and inhibiting dental plaque bacterial activity.)
What are the two most beneficial community based dental disease prevention programs?
Community Water Fluoridation and Dental Sealant programs
List the four current methods of payment for dental care?
Fee-for-service
Capitation plans
Encounter fee plans
Barter system
Identify and list the different insurance plans available for dental care
Dental service corporations
Health service corporations
Preferred provider organizations – PPO
Individual practice associations – IPA
Commercial insurance plans
Prepaid group practice
Health maintenance organization – HMO
Capitation plan – like Advantage, Kaiser, Willamette dental groups
Describe how the government finances dental care:
Medicare
Medicaid
Department of Defense Tricare
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
List and describe the four major bodies of law
Common; crated and changed only by courts
Statutory; created and changed by legislature
Constitutional; created and change by people through their legislators
Administrative; delegated legislative power to an administrative agency
Which entity is responsible for regulation of the dental hygienist?
State law/state dental boards
Describe the four types of supervision and how a dental hygienist may be used under each type of supervision.
Unsupervised, independent, collaborative practice
General supervision
Indirect supervision
Direct supervision
Define ‘change agent’
An individual who intentionally or unintentionally causes social, cultural or behavioral change. A change agent proactively bases action not only on a vision but also on well-defined goals and measureable objectives.
Describe how advocacy is important in dental care.
Individuals with a common concern who join efforts to educate, promote or lobby others who can assist with establishing policy, programs or funding. Advocacy is commenced on the behalf of underserved or uninsured populations.
Identify four roles for the dental hygiene change agent and describe each role:
Catalyst: an agent that provokes or speeds significant change or action. Motivate others to transform their opinions and actions.
Solution giver: problem solver who is vital to establishing or maintaining rapport among a group of individuals; often someone who can think outside the box.
Resource linker: a facilitator brings together individuals who share interests, abilities, monetary support and common goals.
Process hleper: understands all aspects of the change process and provides help where it is needed, focusing on goals rather than obstacles.
What are components of a planned change?
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Documentation
List the four key competencies of dental change agents.
Vision, collaboration, communication, negotiation
Define Coalitions:
an alliance of distinct organizations or persons to take a joint action; an array of organizations.
Who are stakeholders and why are they important to the success of a program?
Individuals in organizations who have a vested interest in a specific topic, issue or initiative, usually composing a coalition.
Similar vision/goals
List barriers to creating an oral health coalition.
Turf issues
Negative history
Domination by “professionals” or some other elite
Porr links to the community
Minimal organizational capacity
Funding
Failure to provide and create leadership within the coalition
Failure to show benefits of perceived, or actual, costs of working together
Describe inter- professional collaborations
Interprofessional education occurs when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care. (ex: dental hygienists working w/ nursing in a diabetes clinic)
Define intra- professional collaborations.
Intraprofessional education in which learners within the dental professions work alongside each other to learn with each other in a n effort to improve collaboration and quality of care. (ex: dental hygienists working with dental assistants)
Define RFP and describe why it is important.
Request for proposals/grant writing
List the components of a successful grant proposal
Cover letter
Needs statement or problem statement
Project description
Evaluation plan
Budget request and budget justification
Applicant qualifications
Future funding or sustainability plan
Appendices
Cultural includes which of the following?
a. Attitudes
b. Values
c. Beliefs
d. All of the above
All of the above
Ethnicity is a population with shared physical characteristics. Race is a social group with a shared history, sense, identity, geography, and cultural roots.
a. The first statement is true and the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false and the second statement is true
c. Both statements are true
d. Both statements are false
Both statements are false
Which theory suggests that an individual’s social interaction as a child leads to continuous changes in thought and behavior that can vary greatly from culture to culture?
a. Cultural theory
b. Social theory
c. Sociocultural theory
d. Socioeconomic theory
Sociocultural theory
A baby smiling after seeing the mother smile is an example of which type of learning?
a. Copycat
b. Instructed
c. Imitative
d. Both A and C
Imitative
A teacher instructing a student on a homework assignment is an example of which type of learning?
a. Instructed
b. Institutionalized
c. Imitative
d. All of the above
Instructed
A group of dental hygiene students getting together to study is an example of _______ learning.
a. Instructed
b. Group
c. Collaborative
d. None of the above
Collaborative
The best way to improve self-awareness is through:
a. Reading a book about your culture
b. Asking a friend from another culture
c. Learning how to be sensitive to another’s culture
d. All of the above
All of the above
Culture does NOT include:
a. Attitudes
b. Beliefs
c. Knowledge
d. Values
Knowledge
Dental professionals are an example of a culture. There are a numerous cultural characteristics that describe dental hygienists.
a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. Both statements are true
d. Both statements are false
Both statements are true
It is important to be culturally ______ in areas of dental hygiene.
a. Inept
b. Sensitive
c. Enriched
d. Diverse
Sensitive
_________ is the cornerstone of effective health care practice.
a. Knowledge
b. Skill
c. Communication
d. All of the above
Communication
Some cultures do not believe in placing sealants on teeth or administering fluoride. It is important to still place sealants and give fluoride to children and not tell the parent because they do not understand the importance of these effective preventive measures.
a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. Both statements are true
d. Both statements are false
The first statement is true, the second statement is false
Which of the following is an example of a nonverbal communication?
a. A patient pointing to the area where the pain is located and saying “right here”
b. A patient gripping the armrests
c. A patient falling asleep
d. All of the above
A patient gripping the armrests
Many people use herbs and alternative medicines, and all of these patients disclose this to their health care professionals.
a. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. Both statements are trued.
d. Both statements are false
The first statement is true, the second statement is false
The ADA Commission on Dental Accreditation requires the completion of which subject?
a. Religious studies
b. German
c. Interpersonal communication
d. Physical education
Interpersonal communication
Knowledge of various cultures can enhance communication efforts between health care providers and the populations they serve. T/F?
True
Even though public health programs have become more prevalent, there are still underserved populations due to:
a. A lack of dental hygienists graduating
b. A lack of patients
c. Patients accessing care
Patients accessing care
Many cultures do not see the benefit of paying for preventive services. T/F?
True
If a patient does not speak the same language, or has difficulty understanding, it is best to use a family member to interpret. T/F?
False
Which of the following is an example of cultural beliefs and potential conflicts with treatment prescribed?
a. A patient using herbs
b. A patient who smokes at religious ceremonies
c. A patient who prays to heal ailments
d. All of the above
A patient who prays to heal ailments
Which of the following is an example of cultural beliefs and potential conflicts with treatment prescribed?
a. A patient using herbs
b. A patient who smokes at religious ceremonies
c. A patient who prays to heal ailments
d. All of the above
All of the above
An outstandingly clear or typical example or framework that explains a concept is termed a:
a. model
b. figure
c. paradigm
d. theory
paradigm
Community water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to community water. The best way to deliver fluoride to a population of school-aged children is through fluoridation of the school water.
a. The first statement is true and the second statement is false
b. The first statement is false and the second statement is true
c. Both statements are true
d. Both statements are false
The first statement is true and the second statement is false
The name of the mouth rinse program used in school is called:
a. Swish and spit
b. Spit and splash
c. Rinse and release
d. Spit and swish
Swish and spit
The school mouth rinse program is best used in which of the following areas?
a. Metropolitan area with community water fluoridation
b. Town where fluoride is naturally occurring
c. Rural community supplied by well water without naturally occurring fluoride
d. All of the above
Rural community supplied by well water without naturally occurring fluoride
School-based programs can provide children with which of the following?
a. Dental prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction
b. Dental prophylaxis, fluoride, and oral hygiene instruction
c. Dental prophylaxis, fluoride, oral hygiene instruction, and mouth guards
d. Dental prophylaxis
Dental prophylaxis, fluoride, oral hygiene instruction, and mouth guards
Dental hygienists can be employed in which of the following public settings?
a. Long-term care facilities
b. Schools
c. Prisons
d. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a product used specifically for mass education?
a. Puppet with accompanying video
b. Chairside instructional manual
c. Disclosing solution
d. All of the above
Puppet with accompanying video
Operation Smile (OS) is what?
a. Traveling dental teams that provide needed services
b. Efforts to eliminate baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD)
c. A fluoride rinse regimen performed in schools
d. A team of health care providers that provide surgery globally
A team of health care providers that provide surgery globally
A condition commonly seen in children in developing countries with poor oral hygiene, diet, and debilitating disease, and is characterized by painless bone and soft tissue destruction with rapid spread of the disease is known as:
a. ANUG
b. Noma
c. Cancrum oris
d. Both B and C
Both B and C
OS is a program that primarily is available to children in foreign countries. This means that children in the United States are ineligible.
a. Both statements are true
b. The first statement is correct and the second statement is false
c. The first statement is false and the second statement is true
d. Both statements are false
The first statement is correct and the second statement is false
The training program for OS dental health program includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Oral hygiene techniques
b. Dental screenings
c. Teaching dental prophylaxis through preceptorship
d. Basic lectures in oral anatomy and pathology
Teaching dental prophylaxis through preceptorship
Which of the following is NOT included in the formulation of public policy?
a. The community
b. Private sector
c. Government leaders
d. Only B and C
Only B and C
Which of the following is NOT a method used during the assessment phase?
a. Dental screenings
b. Surveys
c. Polishing
d. Plaque indices
Polishing
In which phase are the specific dental needs identified?
a. Assessment
b. Evaluation
c. Diagnosis
d. None of the above
Assessment
During which phase are the needs addressed and prioritized?
a. Assessment
b. Dental hygiene diagnosis
c. Evaluation
d. Implementation
Dental hygiene diagnosis
If a patient requires further treatment, at which stage should this referral be obtained?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Dental hygiene diagnosis
d. None of the above; this is not included in the program.
Planning
At what stage is the treatment actually performed?
a. Implementation
b. Dental hygiene diagnosis
c. Evaluation
d. Planning
Implementation
Which phase is important to keep records of success of the program?
a. Assessment
b. Implementation
c. Evaluation
d. Documentation
Documentation
When program planning, it is important to evaluate past programs. T/F?
True
Dental hygienists can be instrumental in developing programs to educate and promote dental health. An example of a way(s) the hygienist can prepare programs is by:
a. Creating a poster contest.
b. Lecturing at a public library
c. Volunteering at schools to give lectures to children
d. All of the above
All of the above
Counts, ratios, prevalence, and incidence are all what type of measure?
a. Formative
b. Summative
c. Qualitative
d. Quantitative
Quantitative
Which type of evaluation refers to the internal evaluation of a program and is usually conducted in program planning?
a. Quantitative
b. Summative
c. Formative
d. Qualitative
Formative
Which type of evaluation judges the merit of a program after its implementation?
a. Qualitative
b. Summative
c. Formative
d. Quantitative
Summative
Which type of evaluation technique is a method that does not involve measurement of clinical data, such as questionnaires, surveys, and direct observations?
a. Nonclinical evaluations
b. Practical evaluations
c. Basic evaluations
d. Clinical evaluations
Nonclinical evaluations
Which type of evaluation technique uses methods that measure clinical data, such as dental indices and basic screenings?
a. Practical evaluations
b. Clinical evaluations
c. Nonclinical evaluations
d. Basic evaluations
Clinical evaluations
Of what does an epidemiological exam consist?
a. Dental light and visual assessment of oral cavity
b. Dental mirror, dental light, and detailed visual-tactile assessment of the oral cavity with dental instruments
c. Tongue blade and dental mirror
d. Dental mirror, dental light, tongue blade
Dental mirror, dental light, and detailed visual-tactile assessment of the oral cavity with dental instruments
Which type of screening is the most commonly used in public health programs and uses an explorer, mouth mirror, and adequate light?
a. Type I
b. Type II
c. Type III
d. Type IV
Type III
What is a dental index?
a. Standardized method used to describe individual or group status in reference to an oral condition
b. A list found at the back of all dental literature
c. Dental flash cards used for studying
d. A useful resource to look up dental disease
Standardized method used to describe individual or group status in reference to an oral condition
Which dental index measures conditions that will not change, such as dental caries?
a. Reversible index
b. Cumulative index
c. Irreversible index
d. Simple index
Irreversible index
Which dental index measures the presence or absence of a condition?
a. Cumulative index
b. Irreversible index
c. Reversible index
d. Simple index
Simple index
Which dental index measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present?
a. Cumulative index
b. Simple index
c. Irreversible index
d. Reversible index
