In the first dental hygiene model, the Fones program planning model emphasized:Both cultural and assessment
Prevention of illness
(T/F) Ethics, in a nutshell is about always doing the right thing.
True
Quantitative evaluation generally refers to:
How much a program ACCOMPLISHED
Revisions to a program should occur:
continually
The local dental hygiene association worked on policy change that banned sugary beverages from school vending machines. This is an example of:
Health promotion
A treatment category of 1 on the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) indicates that:
Bleeding was observed upon probing
Which of the following indexes should be used to estimated most severe periodontal disease?
PI
When using materials developed by a dental care product/supply company, it is most important that the dental hygienist ensure the ______________
Material is ACCURATE
A special characteristic of the Root Caries Index as compared to other dental indexes is:
It is unique in that it includes the concept of teeth at risk
Which study design is usually the first step in looking at a disease?
Descriptive
An investigation that studies the frequency of flossing and periodontal disease is called a:
Correlational study
The community periodontal index evaluates three indicators of periodontal status. What are they?
1. Gingival bleeding
2. calculus
3. periodontal pockets
____________ refers to a relationship or association between variables that can be measured mathematically.
Correlation
Which one of the following is an accurate representation of a current dental public health workforce issue?
Ethnic representation in the dental public health workforce does not mirror representation in the population served by public health programs.
List the year controlled clinical trials of water fluoridation began.
1945
Although fluoridation is the only community health issue that is voted upon, the target goal of the Healthy People 2020 for fluoridation is _____of community water supplies.
79.6%
Cultural includes which of the following?
All of the above
(attitudes, values, beliefs)
It is important to be culturally ______ in areas of dental hygiene
Sensitive
_________ is the cornerstone of effective health care practice.
KNOWLEDGE, skill, and communication
Even though public health programs have become more prevalent, there are still underserved populations due to:
Patients accessing care
Which periodontal disease index is meant to screen and monitor individual or group periodontal treatment needs in a quick and efficient manner?
CPITN
When a patient comes to a dental office, the first procedure is an exam. The first step in a public health program is:
Survey
A change in behavior depends upon this/these factors:
Knowledge, beliefs, values, and compliance
Which is not a true statement:
Less than 200 school hours are lost to dental-related illness each year
Prevention is the major objective of public health programs because it entails:
Ethics, teamwork, and cost efficiency
which is not a step of the scientific method?
All choices are correct for the scientific method
(check and interpret results, test hypothesis by doing and experiment or study, name the problem, form an educated guess and make predictions based on hypothesis)
The Ramfjord teeth commonly used to simplify dental indexes include:
6 teeth: Max right first molar, left central incisor, and left first premolar, mandibular left first molar, right central incisor, and right first premolar.
The division of the mouth into sextants: max molars and mandibular incisorsOnly the premolars, both maxillary and mandibular
The examiners choice of six teeth
(T/F) Minority populations are still underrepresented in the health professions
True
(T/F) The mode is commonly considered to be the average. The mean is the midpoint.
Both are false
What is a body of techniques that uses observation, reason, and experimentation to further evidence?
Scientific method
(T/F) When research involves human subjects, an informed consent must be obtained because subjects should always understand the research in which they are participating.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
During which stage of program planning are the goals/ objective measured
Assessment-annie
Evaluation-megan
A 12 year old is being examined for dental fluorosis using Deans fluorosis index. She has mild fluorosis on #8 and #9 and very mild on #3, 14, 19, and 30. How would she be classified
Mild
(T/F) Females have been found to have higher DMF scores than males. Once could conclude from these findings that females are more susceptible than their male counterparts
First TRUE, second FALSE
(T/F) Culture is related to dental hygiene because disease and health are often culturally determined
True
Which type of study is an in depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation
Case Study
(T/F) Beneficence means to remove harm, while non maleficience means to do no harm
True
Which study tries to investigate cause and effect relationships and involves manipulation of variables
Experimental
what is the body of techniques that uses observation, reason, and experimentation to further evidence
scientific method
Standard Deviation:
represents the square root of the sample variance. The SD is the most commonly used method of dispersion in oral hygiene research and reflects the range within the data matrix. The bigger the range (or SD) the bigger the curve)
Normal Distribution:
“Bell curve” When data is plotted using a normal curve, the mean, median and mode are equal.
p-Value:
(probability value) used when testing hypothesis, refers to the probability that a condition will happen by chance
Beneficence:
-removes existing harm
-action that is done for the benefit of others
Autonomy:
-ability to govern one's profession and respect for others
-self directing freedom
Code of Ethics:
the mission and values of the business or organization, a standard to which someone is held
Ethics:
moral principles
Nonmaleficence:
non-harming or inflicting the least harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome
OSHA:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
HIPPA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996)
FMLA
Family and Medical Leave Act, guarantees certain employees up to 12 workweeks of unapid leave each year with no threat to job loss
Pregnancy Act
Prohibit discrimination on the basis of pregnancy
Negligence
failure to take proper care in doing something
Places to locate information on dental care products are:
All of the above
(Patients, sales reps, lay magazines)
According to the Journal of Dental Hygiene guidelines, which headings should be included in an abstract?
All of the above
(Purpose, methods, results, and conclusion)
The literature review section should include
all of the above
(previous research, current info, clinical care standards)
Which of the following is a peer-reviewed dental hygiene periodical?
All of the above
(Dimensions in Dental Hygiene,
Journal of Dental Hygiene, International Journal of Dental Hygiene)
A peer-reviewed article indicates which of the following?
Both B and C
Which of the following is a basic outline of the study and gives an overview of the entire project so that readers may decide if the article is of interest?
Abstract
In which of the following stages of program planning are prioritization of goals and objectives performed?
Describe the research instruments, equipment, procedures, and method of data analysis
Epidemiology
is used to describe the health status of populations, to identify multiple factors associated with disease and conditions and explain their etiology, to predict the occurrence of disease and conditions, and to control the distribution of disease and conditions within the population.
involves the process of characterizing the distribution of disease and various related factors such as age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, time, place, person, and behavior.
Epidemiology
Endemic
the relatively low but constant presence of disease in a particular geographic region
Epidemic
the occurrence of disease in excess of normal in a specific community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly; "outbreak"
Sensitivity factors
proportion of population who actually have condition & are correctly classified
Specificity factors
proportion who do not have condition & are correctly classified
Validity
measures what is intended
Prospective Study
population is followed through time
Empirical Rule
provides an estimation of the spread of data given the mean and the standard deviation of a data set that follows the standard normal distribution
_____of data fall within one SD of the mean
68%
_____within two SD
95%
____within three SD
99.7%
NULL HYPOTHESIS
Is an initial negative statement of belief about the value of a population parameter
______is accepted unless the statistical test indicates it should be rejected.
Null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
is the one you would believe if the null hypothesis is concluded to be untrue
(Ex. 2 groups do not differ on a variable)
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Called the alternative or positive hypothesis
Is the logical opposite and can indicate a direction of difference
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Example of a research hypothesis
One brand of sealants does differ form another brand of sealants
When does a p-value become statistically significant?
when it becomes LESS than 0.05
(more than = not significant)
The p-value commonly accepted in oral health research is
equal to or smaller than 0.05.
Justice
provide patients what is owed
Veracity
being honest
Respect for Autonomy:
which is respect for all persons and all points of view, and for the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons.
encourages one to promote good for others and provides norms for balancing benefits against risks and costs.
beneficence
_______is the fair distribution of social benefits, risks, and costs in the community, an issue that makes up the core of much of our political debates.
distributive justice
Dental hygienist with a_____ can work for US health services office
BACHELORS DEGREE
First step in the planning process is developmenting a
hypothesis
(T/F) Tooth loss has decreased
True
(T/F) Men get cancer more often than women.
True
the study of distribution
epidemiology
Who are the people or groups who have an interest in or are affected by the success of a program?
stakeholders
The Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP) assess the extent of:
plaque and debris
The purpose of dental hygiene research is to:
Establish a scientifically based standard of care for dental hygiene practice
During which program planning stage does the dental hygienist consider the population’s needs, facilities, resources and funding?
assessment
“Following the presentation, the audience will be able to compare ten healthy and unhealthy snack choices” is an example of a/an:
objective
The federal government funds dental care for which of the following target populations?
All choices are correct
(inmates, military personnel, veterans with service-connected disability, Native Americans)
Which of the children would MOST likely benefit from a sealant program?
-Second and Sixth graders
The most important determinants of dental utilization are:
Socioeconomic status, dentate status, and gender
Informing and motivating people to adopt healthy behaviors is termed:
health education (promotion?)
State dental public units originally developed as a result of the:
Maternal and Child Health grants to states
The adjustment of fluoride content in a community water supply in the most effective method of preventing dental caries in the population because fluoridation:
serves more people than other methods
Which organization has developed competency statements specifically for the newly graduated dental hygienist?
American Dental Hygienists’ Association
Landmark reports suggest that the current dental care system in the United States ____.
-does not ensure oral health care for every citizen
The fundamental requirement for all health information given to consumers is that it must be:
accurate in content
When dental health is neglected, it is largely because of:
Minimal inherent value to oral health
Although the U.S Surgeon General’s Report was published in 2000, Dr. Fones started dental hygiene in the early 1900’s based on the premise that dental health affects______.
a person’s total health
Over the last decade, most states have experienced the scope of which type of practice?
Dental Hygiene
What is the optimal fluoride concentration in a water supply?
0.7ppm
Dental hygienists have the ability to improve total health by
preventing dental diseases
Factors affecting dental care delivery include which of the following?
access issues and the development of the dental hygiene profession
Central Tendency:
frequency of distribution plotted on an x-y graph resulting in a pictorial representation of data.
Focus groups:
facilitator led group discussion; usually 5-10 people; 60-90 minute group discussion; interaction encouraged; not a decision making group.
Health Belief Model:
In order to display a readiness to take action to avoid a disease or act in a preventive manner, an individual need to believe that he or she is susceptible or vulnerable, the disease has serious consequences the behavior is beneficial and the behavior is important.; when individuals have accurate information, they will make better choices.
Social Learning Theory:
Assumes people and their environment are constantly interacting; People learn through experience and observation; Behavior changes encouraged or discouraged due to reactions of others; Self-efficacy promotes higher motivation to overcome obstacles
Step five: self-actualization: morality, creativity, lack of prejudice
Social Marketing Theory:
increase public awareness and acceptance of disease prevention
Code of Ethics:
to achieve high levels of ethical consciousness, decision making and practice by members of a profession. (remember EPD= ethical, decision making and profession)
Cultural competence:
Culturally competent systems, agencies, or individuals are characterized by acceptance and respect for difference. There is ongoing self-assessment regarding culture, expansion of knowledge , and adaptation of service models to better meet the needs of specific populations.
ethical dilemma:
when there are two or more courses of action to take