BIO UNIT 3 STUDY GUIDE

2 OF THE SAME ALLELES FOR A GENE

2 DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A GENE

UNITS OF A SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE RESIDING ON CHROMOSOMES THAT CODE FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN

ALTERNATIVE VERSIONS OF A GENE THAT MAY PRODUCE A DISTINCT PATTERN- DETERMINE GENOTYPE

1-22; 2 OF THE SAME CHROMOSOME, 1 FROM EACH PARENT

AREA OF THE CHROMOSOME THE GENE RESIDES

PHYSICAL TRAIT OR APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM

2 ALLELES FOR A SINGLE GENE IN AN INDIVIDUAL; DICTATES PHENOTYPE

PREDICTS THE ALLELE COMPOSITION OF OFFSPRING FROM A CROSS B/WN INDIVIUALS OF KNOWN GENETIC MAKEUP

HETEROZYGOUS PHENOTYPE THAT THE DOMINANT ALLELE COMPLETELY SUPPRESSES THE RECESSIVE ONE

one allele is not completely dominant over the other (blend) heterozygous condition somewhere in between
(flowers…red CROSSED W/white=pink)

How many chromosomes do humans have? Where do they come from? How many come from each parent?

What does diploid mean?

WHAT DOES HAPLOID MEAN?

Where are genes found?

What do genes code for?

What is an individual’s genotype?

How does an individual’s genotype correlate with their phenotype?

What are Mendel’s Laws?

1 OF MENDELS LAWS WHERE 2 ALLELES FOR A GENE SEGREGATE DURING MEIOSIS, SO 1/2 THE GAMETES CARRY 1 ALLELE & THE OTHER 1/2 CARRY THE OTHER

ONE OF MENDELS LAWS WHERE THE ALLELES LOCATED ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES ARE INHERITED INDEPENDANT FROM EACHOTHER

1 ALLELE THAT IS DOMINANT AND ONE ALLELE THAT IS RECESSIVE, BUT THE DOMINANT ONE TAKES OVER

NEITHER ALLELE DOMINATES OVER THE OTHER. I.E. BLOOD TYPE

ALLELES AREN'T DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE RESULTING IN A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT PHENOTYPE; BLEND OF THE 2

LINKED TO CHROMOSOME 23, USUALLY APPEARING ON THE X CHROMOSOME

% OF ROLLERS? NON-ROLLERS?

Describe in detail each component of the cell theory.

LIGHT IS FOCUSED ON A SPECIMEN BY THE GLASS CONDENSER LENS; THE IMAGE IS THEN MAGNIFIED BY OBJECTIVE & OCULAR LENS TO PROJECT TO THE EYE

What types of light microscopes are there?

MICRSCOPE THAT USES E- TO LIGHT UP, THEN E- TRANSMIT THROUGH THE SPECIMEN TO COMPUTER SCREEN

What types of electron microscopes are there?

What other names can the cell membrane be called?

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

What organelles are thought to have arisen from endosymbiosis

2 LIVING ORGANISMS COME TOGETHER AS 1 BY WRAPPING OR ENGULFING AROUND THE OTHER CELL ALLOWING THE OTHER CELL TO STAY INSIDE FOR ENERGY

WHAT DO ANIMALS CELLS HAVE THAT PLANTS CELLS DON'T HAVE?

WHAT DO PLANTS CELLS HAVE THAT ANIMALS CELLS DON'T?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS A JELLY AND STICKY OUTSIDE AND IS USED FOR ADHESION?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MADE FROM PEPTIDOGLYCAN AND PROTECTS AND USED FOR STRUCTURE AND SHAPE?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER THAT SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE CELL THAT IS USED FOR SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS EVERYTHING FLOATING AROUND THE CELL CYTOSOLE+ SOLIDS; WHERE CHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKE PLACE?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS NOT MEMBRANE BOUND, HAS 70s, AND BUILDS PROTEINS?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS A BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, AND HOLDS DNA?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE IS THE DNA?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS TAIL LIKE AND ALLOWS MOVEMENT? AND CAN BE 1 OR MANY?

IN A PROKARYOTE WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS COMPOSED OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS, AND SUPPORTS AND ALLOWS MOVEMENT?

H?

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

F?

G?

I?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLE W/PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS, AND HOUSES THE DNA & RIBOSOMES?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS A BALL OF PROTEIN NOT MEMBRANE BOUND THAT BUILDS RIBOSOMES?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS 2 PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS AND SEPARATES THE DNA TRANSCRIPTION TO TRANSLATION?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE ARE CHANNELS OR OPENINGS THAT ALLOWS rRNA AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF THE NUCLEUS?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS DNA MOLECULES WRAPPED AROUND PROTEINS THEN BUDLED AND CONDENSE AND REINFORCES DNA?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MADE OF PROTEIN AND NUCELIC ACID THAT BOUNDS AND CARRIES GENES?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE ENCLOSES COMPARTMENTS INCLUDING THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE, ER, GOLGI, LYSOSOMES, TRANSPORT VESICLES, AND CELL MEMBRANE; PROTEIN HIGHWAY TO TRANSPORT PROTEINS

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS RIBOSOMES STUCK TO THE OUTSIDE TO MAKE IT ROUGH, AND ALSO MODIFIES PROTEINS, ADDS CARBS AND PHOSPHATE GROUPS, AND IS A TRANSPORT VESICLE USING IT'S OWN MEMBRANE

3 THINGS THAT THE ROUGH ER DOES

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS A SMOOTH SURFACE, IS CURVED AND TUBULAR, AND IS USED FOR DETOXIFICATION, GLYCOGEN BROKEN DOWN INTO GLUCOSE, FORMS LIPIDS AND STEROIDS, AND STORES CALCIUM IONS?

WHAT 4 THINGS DOES SMOOTH ER DO?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS COMPOSED OF CISTERNAE AND VESICLES AND SORTS, PACKS, AND TAGS PROTEINS FROM THE ROUGH ER?

WHAT ARE FOLDS IN A MEMBRANE?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS NEAREST TO THE ER AND IS THE RECEIVING SIDE OF THE GOLGI?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE GOLGI, WHERE THE PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED/SORTED/PACKED?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS AT THE END OF THE GOLGI, AND SHIPS THE PROTEINS?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MADE OF MEMBRANE SACS FILLED W/ENZYMES FUSED TO PHAGOSOMES AND IS USED TO DIGEST/HYDROLYZE MACROMOLECULES?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MADE OF rRNA AND PROTEIN, 70s, IS ATTACHED TO THE RER, AND BUILDS PROTEINS FOR EXPORT OUTSIDE THE CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MADE OF rRNA AND PROTEIN, FLOATS FREELY IN CYTOSOL, AND BUILDS PROTEINS FOR USE INSIDE THE CELL?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS COMPARTMENTALIZED,THAT FUSES W/THE LYSOSOME TO AID IN DIGESTION?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS 2 MEMBRANES, CONTAINS LOTS OF ENZYMES, TAKES IN ENERGY RICH MOLECULES BROKEN DOWN IN CYTOSOL AND MAKES ATP BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS THE FOLDS OR CORNERS OF THE MITOCHONDRIA MEMBRANE, USED TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS THE AREA B/WN THE FOLDS IN MITOCHONDRIA INNER MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS RIBOSOMES AND DNA

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS THE DOUBLE MEMBRANE FOUND IN PLANTS CELLS WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IN A PLANT CELL WHERE THE LIGHT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY IN THE CHLOROPLAST? LOOK PANCAKES, FLATTENED MEMBRANEOUS SAC?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS THE LIQUID SPACE AROUND THE THYKALOID IN CHLOROPLAST WHERE CHEMICAL ENERGY IS USED TO MAKE CARBOHYDRATES?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS A SINGLE MEMBRANE COMPARTMENT CONTAINING SPHERICAL ENZYMES AND ACCUMULATES TOXIC PEROXIDES AND BREAKS THEM DOWN?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS MEMBRANE BOUND, HUGE IN A PLANT CELL, THAT IS USED FOR STORAGE, STRUCTURE, REPRODUCTION, OR CATABOLISM?

WHAT 4 FUNCTIONS DOES A CENTRAL VACUOLE HAVE?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS USED FOR SUPPORT, STRUCTURE, POSITION, MOVEMENT, CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING, AND ANCHORS THE CELL? MADE OF FILIMENTS AND COMPOSED OF PROTEINS?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS 7nm/ OCCURS IN BUNDLES, COMPOSED OF ACTIN, AND HELPS CELL MOVE/ DETERMINE AND STABILIZE CELL SHAPE THOUGH DYNAMIC INSTABILITY?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS 8-12nm/ MIDDLE SIZE PROTEIN FILAMENT/TOUGH LIKE ROPE/ MADE OF 8 STRANDS/ ANCHORS THE CELL AND NUCLEUS/ RESISTS TENSION/ MAINTAINS RIGIDITY/ I.E. SKIN CELLS

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE 25nm/ LARGEST PROTEIN FILAMENT/ UNBRANCHED HOLLWO TUBE/ COMPOSED OF α-TUBULIN & β-TUBULIN/ FORMS FRAMEWORK FOR MOTOR PROTEINS TO MOVE STRUCTURES W/IN THE CELL/ GIVES STRUCTURE & SHAPE/ AIDS IN CELL DIVISION/ FORMS THE SKELETON OF THE FLAGELLA & CILIA

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS 9 SETS OF TRIPLET MICROTUBULES IN A RING/ PRODUCE THE MICROTUBULES FOR CELL AND CHROMOSOME DIVISION.

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS A PAIR OF CENTRIOLES/ MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION CENTER.

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS .25nm/ OCCUR IN THOUSANDS OUTSIDE THE CELL/ USED FOR MOVEMENT OF FLUID OVER A STATIONARY CELL

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE IS RIGID/SEMI-PERMEABLE/ FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS/ PROTECTS, MAINTAINS SHAPE AND PREVENTS EXCESS UPTAKE OF WATER?

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS A 9+2 ARRANGEMENT W/2 UNFUSED MICROTUBULES IN THE CENTER/ 100-200 nm LONG/ CAN COME SINGLE OR IN PAIR/ USED FOR PROPULSION AND MOVEMENT

IN A EUKARYOTE CELL WHAT STRUCTURE OR ORGANELLE HAS A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, AND IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE, COMMUNICATES, AND IS USED FOR STRUCTURE AND SHAPE?

A?

B?

C?

D?

E?

F?

G?

K?

K1?

K2?

K3?

K4?

A?

B?

AB?

AE?

BD?

What are the types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?

What are the differences between the filaments?

What is the function of flagella?

What is the function of CILIA?

What is the internal structure of flagella/cilia in a eukaryote?

How do animal cells stay together?

WHAT ARE THE 3 COMPONENTS OF THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX?

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX?

types of cell junctions between animal cells

THE PROTEIN LINED CHANNEL THAT ALLOWS THE PASSAGE OF MATERIAL THROUGH THE MEMBRANE?

THE STRONG MORE STRUCTURAL CELL JUNCTION THAT HAS PROTEIN HOOKS, LINKING CELLS TO INTERACT W/INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS?

CELL JUNCTION THAT PROTEINS ARE TIGHTLY BOUND FORMING A BARRIER?

PROTEIN THAT MICROFILAMENTS ARE COMPOSED OF?

PROTEIN THAT MICROTUBULES ARE COMPOSED OF α AND β?

PATTER OR ARRANGEMENT OF THE MICROTUBULES OF THE FLAGELLA AND CILIA?

PROTEIN LINK THAT CONNECTS THE DOUBLETS AND ALLOWS FLEXIBILTY INSIDE THE FLAGELLA?

THESE INTERACT W/MICROTUBULES, ALLOWING MOVEMENT OF VESICLES AND SOME ORGANELLES, FEET WALKING W/ATP

IN ANIMALS CELLS, THE PAIR OF 9 SETS OF TRIPLET MICROTUBULES IN A RING

THE MOST ABUNDANT GLYCOPROTEIN IN THE ECM

WOVEN NETWORK IN THE ECM OF A MOLECULE CONSISTING OF SMALL CORE PROTEIN W/MANY CARBOHYDRATES ATTACHED

AN EXTRACELLULAR GLYCOPROTEIN SECRETED BY ANIMAL CELLS THAT HELP THEM ATTACH TO THE ECM

AN INTEGRATED RECEPTOR PROTEIN IN THE ECM W/2 SUBUNITS

A?

B?

E?

F?

C?

What is the function OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS?

What is the function PERIPHERAL PROTEINS?

What is the function OF INTEGRAL PROTEIN?

What is the function OF GLYCOLIPIDS?

What is the function OF GLYCOPROTEINS?

What is the function OF CHOLESTEROL?

Describe in detail the characteristic of the fluid mosaic model.

What happens in a cell membrane if it gets too cold?

What happens in a cell membrane if it gets too HOT?

ONLY ALLOWING CERTAIN THINGS TO GET THROUGH

TRANSPORT NOT USING ATP

TRANSPORT REQUIRING ATP

[HIGH]⇨[LOW] NO ENERGY REQUIRED

What factors affect the rate of diffusion of a substance?

MOLECULE THAT IS SMALL AND NON-POLAR  THAT CAN SIMPLY MOVE THROUGH THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

MOLECULE TRANSPORT GOING FROM [HIGH]⇨[LOW] W/O ATP

MOLECULE TRANSPORT GOING FROM [LOW]⇨[HIGH] REQUIRING ATP

GOING FROM A [HIGH] GRADIENT TO A [LOW] GRADIENT TO ACHIEVE EQUILIBRIUM.

DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS THE MEMBRANES, THROUGH PROTEIN CHANNELS CALLED AQUAPORINS.

THE PROTEIN CHANNELS THAT WATTER USE FOR OSMOSIS

HIGH SOLUTE IN WATER; ANIMAL CELL WILL SHRIVEL; PLANT CELL WILL PLASMOLYZE

LOW SOLUTE IN WATER; ANIMAL CELL WILL LYSE; PLANT CELL WILL GET TURGID

WHEN THE RATE OF OSMOSIS IS EQUAL =
= SOLUTE; ANIMAL CELL IS NORMAL; PLANT CELL IS FLACCID

WATER WILL ALWAYS DIFFUSE TO WHERE THE __________ AMOUNT OF SOLUTE IS.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION THAT IS THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS THE MEMBRANES, THROUGH THE PROTEIN CHANNELS CALLED AQUAPORINS.

EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE DIFFUSON

the pressure of water against the inside wall of a plant cell.

WHEN A LARGE, POLAR, OR IONIC MOLECULE PASSING THROUGH USING A PROTEIN CHANNEL WHAT IS IT USING?

VOLTAGE ACROS THE MEMBRANE, CREATED WHEN THERE IS AN IMBALANCE OF IONS ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

2 WAYS A GATED PROTEIN CHANNEL FUNCTIONS

ANY MOLECULE BOUND TO A PROTEIN CHANNEL, TO CHANGE THE SHAPE, AND THEN THE GATE WILL OPEN

CHANNEL USING ELECTRICITY W/MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, DUE TO CHARGE IMBALANCE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE MEMBRANE WILL TRIGGER THE GATE CHANNEL TO OPEN

WHAT IS A TRANSPORT OF POLAR OR CHARGED MOLECULES; FUNCTIONS SIMILAR TO ENZYME BECAUSE IT IS A PROTEIN W/A BINDING SITE THAT WILL ONLY FIT A SPECIFIC MOLECULE 1 AT A TIME

WHEN A CARRIER MOLECULE IS ALL FILLED UP WITH MOLECULES IT BECOMES _______.

DIRECT USE OF ATP TO PUMP MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL AGAINST THE GRADIENT CONCENTRATION [LOW]⇨[HIGH] NEEDS ATP

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP THAT USES MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO FORCE MORE SODIUM OUT AND PUMP LESS POTASSIUM IN, THEN STARTS ALL OVER AGAIN IS AN EXAMPLE OF ________.

1 MOLECULE FOLLOWING ANOTHER MOLECULE INTO THE MEMBRANE INDIRECTLY USING ATP, AFTER PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT HAS ESTABLISHED THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.

EXAMPLE OF CO-TRANSPORT

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS?

WHEN PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ENGULFS A LARGE PARTICLE LIKE FOOD OR VIRUSES OR A CELL; EATS THE CELL

WHEN PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ENGULFS FLUID AND DISSOLVES SUBSTANCES; DRINKS CELLS

WHEN PART OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE ENGULFS A SPECIFIC MACRO MOLECULE.
"FISHING" FOR SPECIFIC MOLECULES

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE B/WN RECEPTOR-MEDIATED AND PHAGOCYTOSIS AND PINOCYTOSIS?

THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS SECRETE SUBSTANCES OUT OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE BY TRANSPORT VESICLES.

WHY ARE MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS THOUGHT TO HAVE RISEN FROM ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY?