Reflect the ways in which users of a language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol, usually a word.
Equivocation
Statements can be interpreted in more than one way.
Relative Words
Gain their meaning by comparison.
Static Evaluation
Statements that contain or imply the word is lead to the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging—an incorrect belief
Abstract Language
Is vague in nature.
Behavioral Language
Refers to specific things that people say or do.
Syntactic rules
Govern the grammar of a language.
Pragmatic Rules
Govern the way speech operates in everyday interaction.
Convergence
The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others
Divergence
Communicators who want to set themselves apart from others
Politeness
Communicating in ways that save face for both senders and receivers.
Inference Confusion
Conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence.
Disclaimer
Type of powerless speech that attempts to distance a speaker from remarks that might be unwelcome.
Emotive Language
Seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker's attitude toward it.
"it" statements
Replace the personal pronoun. Communicators who use "it" statements avoid responsibility for ownership of a message, attributing it instead to some unidentified source.
"I" language
Clearly identifies the speaker as the source of a message.
"You" Language
Expresses a judgement of the other person.
"We" Language
Implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of the message.
Linguistic Relativity
The worldview of culture is shaped by the language its members speak.