Step 1: The leaving group leaves in a heterolysis step yeilding a carbocation intermediate
Step 2: A nucleophile attacks the carbocation in a coordination step
SN1
Step 1: The leaving group leaves, generating a carbocation intermediate
Step 2: H+ is eliminated with the aid of a base to yield a double bond
E1
Ammonia → Primary Amines
Alkylation by treatment with an alkyl halide with a good leaving group
Amines → Nucleophilic amine
Alkylation by treatment with an alkyl halide with a good leaving group
Alkoxide anion (RO-) ↔ Alkyl halide (R'X)
Williamson Ether Synthesis
Opening an epoxide (3 membered ring) or oxetane (4 membered ring)
SN2 reaction that relieves their ring strain
Under neutral or basic conditions: The nucleophile attacks the less alkyl-substituted carbon of the epoxide ring
Under acidic conditions: the nucleophile attacks the more highly alkyl-substituted carbon of the ring
Vinyl halide → alkyne
E2
With strong base (H2N)-: terminal alkyne
With less strong base: internal alkyne
Poor amine leaving group → tetra alkyl ammonium ion
Hofmann elimination using an excess of an alkyl hallide loke CH3Br
Alkene + Proton = The most stable Carbocation intermediate
Markovnikov's rule
Alkyne → Vinyl substituted alkene
Electrophilic addition of a bronsted acid
Alkene → 1,2-dihalide
Anti addition of Br2 or Cl2
Addition of water to an alkene or alkyne
Oxymercuration-reduction
Alkene → Epoxide
Treatment with a peroxyacid
Alkene → Alcohol
Step 1: Addition of BH3 to the alkene to produce an alkylborane
Step 2: The alkylborane is converted to the Alcohol