Anthro 2A Midterm 2

Mom, dad, aunt, uncle, brother, sister

• you don't have the same terms for people and sometime the relationship between each kin is different depending on which society you are in
• ex.) Mother is not = Madre is not = Chitnag

special relationships with people the people you turn to for help

words in a certain language that people use to identify their categories of kin "mother"

• Description of actual genealogical relationships
• F M S D B Z C H W

Immediate Family (Mom, Dad, Brothers, Sisters)

Expanded family

Person inherits equally from both sides

Descent is only phased through one side (Male or Female)

Traced through males (Belong to your Father's side)

Traced through females (belong to Mother's side)

A unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

Common identity through father

Common identity through mother

All the blood relatives of an individual (both sides)

Group of people who believe themselves to be related to a common ancestor in a unilineal manner, but CANNOT demonstrate the links

A clan tracing descent through the male line

A clan tracing descent through the female line

Collectively holds, manages, controls resources such as land. Lineages are often corporate groups, not kindreds since they don't persist through time (ends with Ego's death)

Biological Father

Performs the duties of a father

• "who will inherit the throne"
• Provides rights for children

Marriage = new set of relatives

In-laws

Prohibition on sex (not marriage) between certain people who are related

Practice of being married to one spouse

Practice of being married to more than one spouse at a time

More than one WIFE at a time

More than one HUSBAND at a time

• Limited availability of land and inheritance
• land is corporate
• brothers all marry one wife and collectively run land

Inheritance of land

Oldest son inherits everything

practice of marrying someone outside of your group

practice of marrying someone within your group

• -Brahmin
• -Kshatriya
• -Vaishya
• -Shudra
• -Untouchables

Newly-weds live with husband's people

Newly-weds live with wife's people

Newly-weds find independent household elsewhere

Payment from husband's people to bride's people

Transfer from wife's people to husbands (giving wealth)

Husband lives with bride's people and works for them

Wife gives to husband, husband gives to wife(s)

Bridewealths paid in cattle (need descendants and cattle for immortality)

Any bio kin type starting with M

Any bio kin type starting with F

Children of same sex siblings (Father's Brother)

Children of opposite sexed siblings (Father's sister)

Generations of ancestors above the ego (grandparents)

Generations below the ego (grandchildren)

Generation on the same line as Ego

• -Basic unit of social organization among foragers
• -Fewer than 100 people
• -Often splits up seasonally

• -Sociopolitical organization based on farming or herding
• -no means of enforcing political decisions

• -Single entity under authority of a chief
• -kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure

Independent, centrally organized political unit, a government

Peoples who have their own ethnic identity (Nuer, Native Americans)

• Stages in the life cycle
• -Elder
• -Warrior
• -Youth

Cohort group of similarly aged individuals that pass through age grades together, as a group

Dividing societies into ranked groups of collectivities of people

A belief in the equality of all people

Inherited, like royalty

Worked toward status

Duties associated with a particular status

All the statuses a person holds at a single time

Position within overall division of labor

The dominant way of making a living in a culture

Facilities and resources for producing goods

a legitimate right to tell people what to do

• -Achieved status
• -Personal attributes such as the reputation and having skills

• -Achieved status
• -Personal attributes such as the ability to persuade people, influential

• Competitive feasting and gifting
• -Show superiority with gifts
• -Big man organizes this
• -Oversees alliances with other villages

• -Ascribed status
• -Influence is independent of personal attributes
• -Authority invested in the office of the chief
• -Authority over fellow kinsmen

• Diversity can be either ascribed (UK) or achieved (US) groups
• Authority
• Territory

• Bigman: constantly gives to create personal relationships
• -Creates small mobilization groups because of the effort it takes
• Chief: kinship links
• -Mobilize more people because of given authority
• State: extends over territory

Any practice has to be understood in its whole context

• -Qualitative research
• -Going through the same thing you are researching such as living with the trobriand islanders

• -Society ruled by men
• -Associated toward violence
• -Women are inferior

• -Society ruled by women
• -Not the mirror image of patriarchy
• -Do not rule like dictators
• -There is still a voting process

Descent through the female line

Descent through the male line

• Gender
• -Cultural meanings
• -Binary opposition: What men are, women aren't

-Biological differences

Through different cultures and societies there are perceived notions of what female's and male's roles are

Inequality between genders

In Indonesia, males and females relate more like partners for the greater good rather than one gender above another

• Giving away wealth, leaders accumulate power
• -Creates alliances
• -Causes debt by giving gift in excess

• Mens wealth:
• -Yams
• -Stone axe blades
• -Pigs
• -Clay pots
• - Shell necklaces and arm shells
• Women's wealth:
• -Skirts
• -Banana leaf bundles

• Domestic domain: the household
• -(gender construction) typically females
• Public domain: relations between and beyond households
• -(gender constructions) typically males

• Matrilineage: belonging to your mother's lineage rather than fathers
• Matriclan: belonging to your mother's clan

• At a young age the trobrianders engage in sex.
• In finding partners they wear coconut oil and other things that make them "beautiful" such as flower and shell arm bands that have "love spells" in them
• Lovers are not allowed to be seen together in public so a girl or guy can go to their lovers house in the night but must return before morning

• -Sex before marriage is a common thing for the trobrianders
• -Once marriage occurs that ceases because adultery is a serious crime to commit.
• -A marriage is acknowledge when the woman goes to her lovers house and her mother brings cooked yams so they can eat together because lovers (before marriage) do not eat in front of each other

• -A spirit from Tuma enters a woman's body and then she becomes pregnant
• -Their belief in magic influences a woman's chances of getting pregnant also
• -Although in modern times the trobrianders understand the biological view of conception they still use magic in certain ways of explanation

Although a child born belongs to their mother's lineage and clan. The raising of a child is done by the father so that later in life the favor is returned

• The incest taboo also adheres to the idea of a brother can not interfere with his sisters choice of husband
• - Very little informal meeting between siblings
• - No emotional connection
• - Does not spend a lot of time together

• -Who makes them and for whom
• The men makes the yams but for others (gardener's married sister)
• Men makes yams for their own sisters or daughters

• -Chiefly Lineages were established long ago and continued to today or died off when ones matrilineage died.
• -A chiefs role is to be generous and distribute his wealth (yams) through this he accumulates political power
• -In order to be generous he requires a lot of yams and the only way he gains yams is through his wife(s).
• -Chiefs are the only ones that practice polygyny because he gains yams through his wife

• -Chief gives yams away that he received by his wives brothers
• -This is to show his generosity

Competition giving of yams between different clans

• -Death: When someone passes the trobriand believes it was because of sorcery
• -To die a natural death is to die of old age in their sleep
• -Social Reproduction: To be innocent of the sorcery the trobriands that knew the dead person will either be a worker or owner and have tasks to perform

• Sagali: Mortruary distrubution
• -Paying off debts
• -Reasserts strength of their lineage
• Owners: members of the deceased's lineage
• Workers: all others who do the work of the mourners

Exchanges of women's wealth (banana leaf bundles and skirts)

• In context of a married women:
• She will receive a yam house after marriage when the marriage seems solidified
• Her brother and father will have a yam garden for her and this will be given to her husband
• Yams are used in sagali as one form of payment for those who helped in the rituals for the dead person

Exchange of goods to create alliances between men such as stone axe blades and shell necklaces and arm bands

• spreads out which leads to the destruction of traditional roles, leading to a change in tradition
• nonindustrial societies: central institution; family is the most important
• industrial societies: (kinship is) enduring it lasts, ex: in an American society, kinship isn't as central as in nonindustrial societies, but it is still enduring. When you move out of home your friends become your close kin.

Creation of systems to solve a problem

Resources available in an environment

• Connected to each other by factors of reproduction
• Natural blood ties don't exist because often the woman has children with another man who isn't her husband aka father gives cattle to the wife and is the father of ALL her children, even if biologically they arent his

level to which people are assigned based on their status

Non-kin group organized for a specific purpose

• - Patrilineal society
• - Polygamy
• - Bridewealth in cattle
• - Man want descendents because of "immortality"

Nauru's way to give order to human groups in society so that groups may operate under society

Big kinship structure with different patrilineages (common ancestor through male line), also called a segmentary lineage that provides for a political structure. Perks are that there are no formal leaders or political organization, but creates alliances and quick military formation through the recognition of kin from having the same ancestors.

stocks, money in savings account, investments, give attention to what we do with the money and way. Make more money through investing.

Resources harnessed through social relations (the social relations themselves/ social network). A friend in a company can give you stock tips, people helping you move out. Schmoozing

Issues of style and taste. Competencies to consumption. Knowledge!!! Consumption can increase the value. What kind of beer do you drink? Clothes do you wear?

tend to be individuals whose gender identity contradicts their sex that was assigned at birth. They feel previous gender is incorrect.

live in northern India, culturally defined as neither men nor women, or men that become women through castration and adopt female dress and behavior. They identify with the Indian mother goddess and are believed to channel her power

a male who adopted social roles traditionally assigned to women and through performance of a third gender contribute to the social and spiritual well being of the community