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core branches of linguistics
- phonetics
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
- semantics
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phonetics
speech sounds in general
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phonology
sound system of a language
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morphology
words and their components
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syntax
phrases and sentences
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semantics
word and sentence meaning
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linguistics
study of language
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diachronic linguistics
concerned with the change of language through time
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synchronic linguistics
concerned with language at a certain point in time
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Organon Model Bühler
- sender
- expression symptom
- linguistic sign
- context
- representation symbol
- appeal signal
- receiver
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for communication to work we need
- a sender
- a message
- a shared context
- a receiver
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referential function
language allows us to talk about the world
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expressive funtion
through language we can express beliefs, attitudes, emotions (of the sender)
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appellative function
through language we can make an appeal to the addressee (receiver)
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unique properties of human language
- reflexivity
- displacement
- productivity
- cultural transmission
- arbitrariness
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reflexivity
being able to reflect on language
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displacement
being able to talk about the past, the future, sth. that is not there
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productivity
coming up with new words
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cultural transmission
teaching and learning by cultural convention
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arbitrariness
- no natural connection between sound shape and meaning
- link by language specific convention only
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Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguistic sign
- meaning
- concept
- expression
- sound pattern
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signifié/ signified
concept on the level of meaning
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signifiant/ signifier
sound sequence on the level of expression
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parole
actual linguistic realisation
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