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Statistics
a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information
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population
the set of all individuals of interest in a particular study
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sample
set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study
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variable
characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals
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Data
measurement or observations
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data set
a collection of measurements or observations
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datum
a single measurement or observation
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parameter
a value that describes at population
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statistic
a value that describes a sample
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descriptive statistics
statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data
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inferential statistics
consitsts of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations
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sampling error
the amount of error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
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correlational method
two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them
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experimental method
one variable is manipulated what another variable is observed and measured
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independent variable
variable manipulated by the researcher
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dependent variable
variable being observed
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control condition
do not receive the experimental treatment
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experimental condition
receive the experimental treatment
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constructs
internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior
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operational definition
identifies a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurement of a hypothetical construct
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discrete variable
consists of separate, indivisible categories
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continuous variable
infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values
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real limits
are boundaries of the intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line
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upper real limit
top interval
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lower real limit
bottom interval
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nominal scale
consists of a set of categories that have different names (labels and categorized observations)
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ordinal scale
consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence
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interval sale
consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size
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ratio scale
is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point
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