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Control center of cell, contains
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus
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nuclear envelope
two unit membranes held together at nuclear pores
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matrix or substance of the nucleus .Contains the genetic material arranged in long DNA molecules which combine with proteins to form chromosomes.
Nucleoplasm
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Nucleolus
dark non-membrane bound area composed of proteins and dense collection of Ribo Nucleic Acid(RNA) found within the nucleus. It is the site of ribosome production
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Rough ER
- Parallel, flattened membranous sacs covered with ribosomes
- Continuous with nuclear envelope and smooth ER
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Serves as the work bench for synthesis of packaged proteins for the plasma membrane & glyco proteins, and digestive glands
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
- Lack ribosomes
- Cisternae more tubular and branching
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Synthesizes Lipids & steroids for membrane phospholidids (ovary and testes hormones)
Metabolizes Carbohydrates & steroids
Detoxifies in liver and kidney
Smooth ER
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Regulates Calcium storage (skeletal and cardiac muscle)
Smooth ER
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Synthesizes proteins for use in the various parts of the cell
Ribosomes
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use directions specified by the genetic code (DNA) through the messenger RNA to assemble amino acids in the correct specific form to make proteins.
Ribosome
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where can ribosomes be found?
found in nucleolus , free in cytosol and rough ER
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The warehouse of the cell
Receives, process, packages, proteins into membrane bound vesicles
golgi complex
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organelle that BUILDS lysosomes
Golgi Complex
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membrane enclosed vesicles formed by golgi complex, contain digestive enzymes-hydrolase
Lysosomes
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what are the lysosomes functions?
- intracellular digestion of large molecules
- Contain up to 40 hydrolytic enzymes
- autophagy - digestion of worn out organelles autolysis - death
- breakdown stored glycogen in liver to release glucose
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Resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes like catalase and uric acid oxidase
In all cells but abundant in liver and kidney
peroxisomes
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what are the functions of the peroxisome
- neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs and toxins
- uses O2, H2O2 and catalase enzyme to oxidize organic molecules
- breakdown fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use
- produce h2o2 (hydrogen peroxide) and converts to h2o
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Power house of the cell... found more in muscles
Mitochondrion
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these GENES are inherited only from mother as sperm mitochondria are used up and destroyed.
MITOCHONDRIAL GENES
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Space between cristae called matrix
contains ribosomes and small, circular DNA molecule (mtDNA)
They self replicate as per demand
Mitochondrion
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regions near the nucleus where its matrix generates and anchors the microtubules
Centrosomes
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short cylindrical assembly of microtubules (nine groups of three)These lie perpendicular to each other.
These play an important role in cell division(mitosis) & Cilia formation
Centriole
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migrates to plasma membrane to form basal body of cilia or flagella
two microtubules of each triplet elongate to form the nine pairs of the axoneme
cilium reaches full length rapidly
Single centriole
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Collection of filaments and tubules
provide support, organization and movement
Composed of 3 types of rods
Cytoskeleton-Cell skeleton
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what are the 3 types of rods that make up the cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate fibers
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(thick) (tubulin)
large hollow tubes made of protein subunits called tubulins, these radiate from near the nucleus called the centrosome or cell center.
separates chromosomes during cell division.
Microtubules
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(thin) (actin) built as twisted double chain
thin strands made of actin forms network on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane called the membrane skeleton
supports phospholipids and microvilli and produces cell movement
Microfilaments
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in the middle (Keratin)
are tough insoluble proteins , rope like
help hold epithelial cells together; resist stresses on cells; line nuclear envelope; toughens hair and nails.
intermediate fibers
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