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first line of defense
- Inate (natural) (native) immunity
- -physical, mechanical, biochemical. barriers
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second line of defense
inflammatory response
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third line of defense
adaptive (acquired) (specific) immunity
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First Line of Defense
- •Physical barriers and Mechanical barriers:• skin and mucous membrane •Linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts
- -Sloughing off of cells
- -Coughing and sneezing
- -Flushing—urine
- -Vomiting
- -Mucus and cilia
- non specific
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First Line of Defense (Cont.): Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers
•Secrete saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus
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First Line of Defense (Cont.): Antimicrobial peptides
•Cathelicidins, defensins, collectins, and mannose-binding lectin
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First Line of Defense (Cont.):Normal microbiome
•Each surface colonized by bacteria and fungi that is unique to the particular location and individual
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second line defense
inflammatory responses (first immune response to injury)
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second line defense is caused by a variety of materials
•Infection•tissue necrosis•trauma•physical or chemical injury•foreign bodies•immune reaction•ischemia•Nutrient Deprivation
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Mast Cell Degranulation: Histamine
- *Vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction vessels of the large blood vessels and the dilation of the postcapillary venules
- *H1 and H2 receptors
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Mast Cell Degranulation: Leukotrienes
- •Product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes
- •Similar effects to histamine in later stages
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Mast Cell Degranulation: Prostaglandins
- •Similar effects to leukotrienes
- • they also induce pain (ibuprofen)
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Mast Cell Degranulation: Platelet-activating factor
•Similar effect to leukotrienes and platelet activation
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Phagocytes: Neutrophils (doesn't last long because of exudate (puss))
- *Also referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
- *Predominate in early inflammatory responses around 6-12 hours after initial injury
- * Ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
- *Cells are short lived and become a component of the purulent exudate
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a band
immature neutrophil
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Phagocytes:Eosinophils
- *Mildy phagocytic
- *defense against parasites and regulation of vascular mediators
- -if you have allergies __ will need to increase
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Phagocytes Basophils
- *Least prevalent granulocytes
- *Primary role unknown
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Phagocytes: Monocytes and macrophages
- *Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages
- *Macrophages typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hours or later after neutrophils
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Phagocytes: Dendritic cells
- •In peripheral organs and skin
- •Migrate through lymph vessels to lymph tissue and interact with T lymphocytes to generate an acquired immune response
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Phagocytosis
- •Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
- •Production of adhesion molecule
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Phagocytosis: Margination (pavementing)
Adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells
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Phagocytosis:Diapedesis
Emigration of cells through the endothelial junctions
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Phagocytosis: Chemotaxis
Migrate towards the area of inflammation
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Phagocytosis:Engulfment and disposal
of any pathogen
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Sanguineous (fluid)
clear, watery plasma
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Purulent: fluid
thick, yellow, green, tan or brown
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Serosanguineous (fluid)
Pale red, watery: mixture of serous and sanguineous
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Serous (fluid)
clear, watery plasma
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