Patho test 1 (4)

short term protective mechanism to bring body back to homeostasis

over activation of adaptive regulatory systems that lead to susceptibility to disease

age, gender, biological cycles (menstrual cycle),  culture (must be culturally sensitive/react differently), personality characteristics

a cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor

alarm, resistance (goes back to normal) and exhaustion

emergency reaction "fight or flight"

which activates sympathetic nervous system

• *Stressors trigger hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates sympathetic nervous system
• *Epinephrine and norepinephrine along with other hormones are released

• *attempts homeostasis 
• *actions of adrenal hormones 
• *continued mobilization of the body's resources to cope ad overcome a sustained challenge

• *no longer can produce hormones 
• *occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful 
• *body's physiologic and immune systems no longer effectively cope with the stressor and marks the onset of disease

involves a physiological responses from psychological stressors (sweating when receiving bad news)

• *the body mounts a physiological response because of the anticipation of disruption of the 'steady or stat' or homeostasis 
• *generated by the fear of a potential encounter associated with a previous abusive situation
• (nervous after already knowing bad news)

corticotropin releasing hormone (CHR)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

cortisol and catecholamines

• *leads to poor wound healing 
• *reaches all tissues
• *stimulates gluconeogensis 
• *abnormal elevations linked to:
• -obesity
• -sleep deprivation 
• -HTN (hypertension)
• -diabetes
• -artheroscierosis
• -loss of bone density
• -elevated lipid levels

• *elevate blood glucose levels 
• *Affects protein metabolism
• *Promotes resolution and repair
• *Induce T-cell apoptosis
• *Influences all immune cells
• *Used therapeutically as powerful anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents
• *Cognitive impairments

• •Released from the adrenal medulla
• -80 % Epinephrine 20 % Norepinephrine is released
• •α-adrenergic receptors
• -α1 and α2
• •β-adrenergic receptors
• -β1 and β2
• •Mimic direct sympathetic stimulation
• •Increases proinflammatory cytokine productio

• *increased blood flow and increased glucose metabolism in the brain 
• *increased rate and force of contraction 
• *Peripheral vas contribution 
• *Bronchodilation in the pulmonary system.

•Excitability changes in the limbic system and hypothalamus•Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol•Decreased testosterone, thyroxine, and other hormones•Immunosuppression and pattern of chronic inflammation•Alterations in lipoproteins•Hypercoagulation of the blood•Free radical damage of cells

•Risky health behaviors•Chronic health conditions•Low life potential•Early death•

•Acts of Commission (Child Abuse)•Acts of Omission (Child Neglect)

the balance of bodily functions