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Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury
- *Phagocytic cells
- * Immune and inflammatory substances (Histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases)
- *Membrane alteration
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cellular death consist of
necrosis and apoptosis
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necrosis
cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis
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necrosis
caused by factors external to the cell or tissue
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Apoptosis
the process of eliminating unwanted cells, called programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
This mechanism of cell death is not limited to developmental causes but my result from environmental triggers.
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coagulative necrosis
Ischemia (reduced blood flow), location: kidneys, heart and adrenal glands)
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Liquefactive necrosis
Ischemia of neurons and glial cells of the brain, Hydrolytic enzymes, Bacterial infection (Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Escherichia col)
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where is Liquefactive necrosis located?
occurs in brain and neurons
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Caseous necrosis
- *tuberculous pulmonary infection
- *Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
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Caseous necrosis is located in the
lungs ( cottage cheese looking)
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Fat necrosis
- *Action of lipases
- *breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs
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gives scalp like appearance
Fat necrosis
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gangernous necrosis
- *death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
- -Usually in lower extremities
- -Children in GI tract
- -Dry vs. wet gangrene
- *Gas gangrene (most dangerous)
- -Clostridium
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Somatic death
Death of an entire person. Postmortem change
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Algor mortis
postmortem reduction of body temperature (1- 1/2 degrees per hour until room temperature is reached/ equal to environment
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Livor mortis
purple discoloration from settling if blood in the most dependent tissue
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Rigor mortis
stiffening develops within 12-14 hours and usually affects entire body ( gradually diminishes as the body becomes flaccid between 36-42 hours)
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somatic death is characterized by
no respiration of heart beat
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