the connective tissue of the gingiva is know as the
Lamina propria
Layers of lamina propria (2)
papillary layer
reticular layer
Layer of lamina propria that is subjacent to the epithelium
Papillary layer
Layer of lamina propria that is continuous with the periosteum and alveolar bone
reticular layer
Types of Connective Tissue fibers (3)
Collagen Fibers--primarily type 1
reticular fibers (net like) (branching)--type 3
elastic fibers--elastin
Functions of gingival fibers (3)
brace gingiva against tooth
provide tissue rigidity during mastication
unite free marginal gingiva with cementum and adjacent attached gingiva
three types of gingivodental group fibers
coronal
horizontal
apical
three type of gingival fibers
gingivodental
circular
transseptal
gingival fibers embedded in the cementum at base of gingival sulcus and includes facial, lingual, interpoximal surfaces, gingiva crest, and outer surface of the marginal gingiva
gingivodental group
gingival fibers found in marginal and interdental gingiva and encircles tooth in ringlike fashion
circular group
gingival fibers that are located inter proximally and are connected to the cementum of approximating teeth
often classified with the principal fibers of the PDL
transseptal group
Functions of the fibroblasts in gingival connective tissue (3)
synthesize collagen and elastic fibers
synthesize glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans
regulate collagen degradation through
histamine and heparin releasing cells
mast cells
large phagocytic cells
macrophages and histiocytes
immunity cells
plasma cells and lymphocytes
barrier to microorganisms
neutrophils
what are the sources of blood supply of the gingiva (3)
arterioles from the septa
supraperiosteal arterioles
vessels of the periodontal ligament
how does the lympathics of the gingiva work?
the lymph drains into the collecting network external to the periosteum of the alveolar process
-->
regional lymph nodes (submaxillary group
neural innervation of the gingiva
fibers from nerves of the PDL
labial nerves
buccal nerves
palatal nerves
what is the function of the fibers from nerves of the PDL
they prevent you from over-occluding
what is the color of healthy gingiva vs. diseased gingiva
what modifies the color?
Healthy: color pink
Disease: red, grayish white, blue
modified by: tissues vascularity and overlying epithelial layers
non-hemoglobin derived brown pigment
present in all individuals except albinos
more prominent in dark-skinned racial types
not limited to gingival tissues (hard palate, mucous membrane, tongue)
Melanin
tissue size of healthy vs diseased tissue
healthy: normal sized
Diseased: enlarged, edematous, bulky, puffy, heavy
Tissue size correlates to (2)
bulk of cellular and intercellular elements
vascular supply
tissue contour (mainly marginal) in healthy gum vs diseased
healthy: scalloped
labial version: arcuate
lingual version: horizontal and rolled
True/false: there is considerable variation in tissue contour
True
The tissue contour is dependent on the ____ of teeth and _____
shape
alignment
what is governed by contour and position of proximal tooth surface?
Shape (mainly papilla)
What is the favorable positioning of papilla?
What is the spacing/diastema?
peaked, knife-edge
flat, blunted (papilla), rolled (marginal)
what is the consistency in normal vs. abnormal gingiva
normal: firm, resilient
abnormal: fibrous, leathery, spongy, soft, boggy
what is the orange peel texture on gingiva sometimes seen called
Stippling
True/False: stippling is not always present even in health and varies with age
True
stippling is limited to _____ gingiva
attached
what is a form of adaptive reinforcement for function and is related to degree of keratinization and rete pegs
stippling
what is an abnormal surface texture
smooth (loss of stippling), glossy*, ulcerated*, sloughing*
*these changes in CT are in combination with epithelial changes
movement of the teeth in an occlusal direction
active eruption
tooth exposure by apical migration of the gingiva
passive eruption
portion of the tooth covered by enamel
anatomic crown
portion of tooth projecting into oral cavity
clinical crown
portion of tooth covered by cementum
anatomic root
portion of the tooth covered by periodontal tissues