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consist of a chemical secreted by cells into extracellular fluid to affect the nearby but different types of cells
Paracrine
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a chemical secreted by cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type
Autocrine
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when cells sense a rise in particular hormones in the body, certain target cells with produce more receptors for that hormone. This process is known as
UP- Regulation
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prolonged exposure of a hormone on a target cell can cause the target cell to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone. This process is known as
Down Regulation
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what is special about thyroid hormones
Thy are amino-acid based but yet hydrophobic unlike other amino acid-based hormones
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hormones that are usually hydrophillic
Amino acid-based
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Hormone that are usually hydrophobic
Steroid Hormones
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these enzymes catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to other molecules, this process in known as phosphorylation. Phosphorylation also changes the activity or shape of a specific protein
Protein Kinases
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when other hormones act on the same target cell to exert the same affect. they have a more pronounced affect when acting together than when acting alone
Synergists
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hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.
Antagonists
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the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Infundibulum
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another name for the anterior pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
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Another name for the posterior pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis
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what is the hypothalmic hormone that controls water balance
ADH Vasopressin
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what is the primary function of ADH
Increases the amount of water retained by the body, decreases urine production
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stimulates the development of the thyroid gland and its secretion of thyroid hormones_____
Secretion is triggered by a hypothalamic releasing hormone known as_______
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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the secretion of TSH is inhibied by the hpothalmic hormone
Somatostatin
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is produced by cells called corticotrophs, it stimulates the evelpment of the adrenal glands
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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secretion of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone is stimulated by a hypothalmic hormone known as
Coricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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What does prolactin do
- Stimulates growth of the mammary gland
- Milk production after birth
- maintains mil for breastfeeding
- Produced by cells called Lactotrophs
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growth hormone is sereted by cells called
Somatotrophs
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cells that produce Calcitonin
Parafolicular cells
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cells that produce the Parathyroid hormone are called
Chief Cells
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effects of the thyroid Hormone t3 and t4
- Regulation of metabolic rate
- Promotion of growth and development
- Synergism with the sympathetic nervous system
-
what does the parathyroid hormone do
- increase release of calcium ions from bone by stimulating osteoclasts
- Increase absorption of dietary calcium ion by the small intestine
- Increase the reabsorption of calcium from the fluid in the kidneys
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what type of cells release calcitonin
Parafollicular Cells
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what cells make t3 and t4
Follicle Cells
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what cells does calcitonin target
Osteoclasts
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what cells do parathyroid hormone target
Bone Kidneys Intestines
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what two types of hormones do the adrenal glands produce
Steroid Hormones and Catecholamines
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Chromaffin cells, which make up the adrenal Medulla secrete their products directly into the
Bloodstream
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The Adrenal Medulla and Chromaffic cells produce
- Catecholamines
- Epinephrin and Norepinephrine
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effects of Catecholamines
- Increase heart rate and force of contraction
- dialate the bronchioles
- Constrict the blood vessels supplying skin and digestive organs while dialating blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles
- Dialating Pupils and Decreasing digestive and urinary function
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what are the 3 adrenal cortical hormones
- Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
- Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
- androgen (androgenic steroid)
-
what does aldosterone do
- increases na retention and water retention
- increases k loss
- increases hydrogen loss
- regulates blood pressure
-
what does cortisol do
- Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
- Increases protein breakdown in muscles
- Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
- Inhibits inflamatory response
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what are the 3 cell types of the pancreatic Islets
alpha beta and delta cells
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what do alpha cells produce
Glucagon
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what do beta cells produce
Insulin
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what do delta cell produce
Somatostatin
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what does glucagon do
- break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
- forms new glucose by gluconeogenesis in the liver
- protein breakdown in muscle tissue to release amino acids
- release of fats from adipose tissue for gluconeogenesis
- Formation of ketone bodies in the liver
-
when too many ketone bodie accumulate in the blood and lower the ph this is known as
Ketoacidosis
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how is glucagon secretion stimulated
A decrease in blood glucose concentration or the intake of proteins
-
what does insulin do
- Stimulates glucose uptake by most target cells
- uptake of lipids, amino acids, and glucose
- Synthesis of glycogen in the liver
- Synthesis of fat from extra carbs and lipids
- Promotion of satiety
-
the pancreas secretes what two hormones
Glucagon and insulin
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what does the pineal gland secrete
Melatonin
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what does melatonin do
Regulates the sleep wake cycle and promotes sleep
-
Target cells of melatonin
Reticular formation of the brainstem
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what two hormones does the Thymus secrete
- Thymosin
- Thymopoietin and targets T lymphocytes
-
what organ secretes progesterone
Ovaries
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what does progesterone do
Prepare the body for pregnancy
-
what hormone does adipose tissue secrete
Leptin
-
what does leptin do
Goes to the brain and promotes satiety
-
what 3 hormones to the kidneys secrete
- Erythropoietin
- Renin
- Vitamin D
-
what stimulates Melatonin
light and dark cycles
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what organ slowly turns into adipose tissue but is active while we are younger with a developing immune system
Thymus
-
what stimulates testosterone production
LH Luteinizing Hormone
-
why is erythropoietin secreted
When there is a decreased level of oxygen in the blood
-
what does erythropoietin do
acts on red bone marrow to help the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
-
what does Renin do
helps regulate blood pressure
-
these hormones act without entering the blood
local Hormones
-
These hormones travel through blood vessels before they reach their target
circulating hormones
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lipid soluble hormone have the ability
to go through the cell membrane and bind withing the cell
-
the major link between nervous and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
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the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone is the
HGH Hormone
-
What do F cells secrete
Pancreatic Polypeptide
-
where is the pineal gland
- It is attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle
- It secretes melatonin and regulates diurnal rythms
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