-
non vibrato
no finger roll, muted sound
-
pizzicato
pluck with finger, can add lightness and break up monotony in scores
-
arco
bowing, usually after a pizz section
-
col legno
bow wood on strings
-
sul tasto
bowing over fingerboard (quieter)
-
sul ponticello
play close to the bridge (erie sound)
-
tremolo
- bow very fast on one note
- helps play loudly on long notes
-
slurred bow
many notes on one bow stroke
-
divisi
two parts on same staff
-
-
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Violin strings lo-hi, range
- G D A E (in 5ths)
- G below staff -> 8va C above staff
-
Viola strings lo-hi
- C G D A (5ths, one string lower than violin)
- C below staff -> 8va A above treble cleff
-
Cello strings lo-hi
- C G D A (sounds an octave below Viola)
- C below Bass clef -> C above treble clef
-
Bass strings lo-hi
- E A D G (4ths, sounds octave lower than written)
- 8vb E below Bass clef -> G in treble clef
-
Natural harmonics
- lightly touching and open vibrating string at 1/2, 1/3, or 1/4 the length of the string
- notated with circle over note head or as a diamond note head
- silvery tone
- harmonic series is Fund., octave, P5, octave, M3
-
Artificial harmonics
- played by pressing fundamental and lightly touching at a node
- written with diamond P4 above fundamental
- plays the note 2 octaves up
-
Cello's thumb position
- 7th position, all the way up on the neck
- uses thumb to bar the strings
- can't suddenly switch to it from anywhere
- an octave up from open strings
- can play 5th chords easily here
-
-
Flute stuff
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
-
Oboe
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
Related instrument?
- In C!!
- As written
- lowest note is Bb!! (below middle C)
- English Horn similar, in F
-
Clarinet
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
- often in Bb
- sounds M2 lower than written
- Bb an octave below Mid-C
-
Bassoon
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
Doubling parter?
- In C!!
- as written
- Lowest is Bb below Bass Clef
- often doubles cello
-
Brass Family
- Trumpet
- Trombone
- French Horn
- Tuba
-
French Horn
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
stuff?
- in F!
- sounds P5 lower than written
- lowest is F in ledger lines under Bass Clef
- uses keys, has trigger to change tubing, hand in bell helps shape sound
-
Trumpet
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
- Bb or C
- sounds M2 lower or as written
- lowest is Bb under Mid-C or @ Mid-C
-
Trombone and Bass 'Bone
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
- Both in C (Tenor can be in Bass or Alto Clef)
- sound as written
- E below Bass Clef, C below Bass Clef
-
Tuba
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
- F for Bass Tuba, Bb for Tenor Tuba
- P5+octave, M2+octave
- D1, E below Bass Clef
-
Harp
Key?
transposing?
lowest note?
- C (duh)
- Pedals change key (DCB EFGA)
- Cb a couple octaves below Bass Clef
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