AP Chapter 2 The Chemical Level

_______ resulting materials coming out of a reaction

______ starting material ex: atoms, ions, molecule

The symbol of an element indicates one atom of that element.

A single plus sign indicates a __________ with a charge of +1

Synthesis Reaction: bonds are ______

A single minus sign indicates an _______ with a charge of -1

Reversible Reaction: bonds are ______ OR _______ depending on the direction of the reaction

serous fluids of the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum are ________________

water is an important ______________ in the body because it reduces friction

________ ability to make hydrogen bonds between its molecules

has the ability to absorb a great deal of heat

________ has a high heat capacity

ion concentrations are carefully regulated by the ________, __________, and __________ systems

__________ can seriously disturb vital body functions

_________ soluble inorganic substances whos ions will conduct an electric current in solution

hydrophobic includes ________ molecules

hydrophilic includes ______ molecules

phobos mean

philos mean

hydro means

______________ compounds will not disperse in water

_________ compounds will disperse in water

many molecules are classified as _________ or __________ based

also form around an organic molecule containing polar covalent bonds.

oxygen forms polar covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.

water molecules form ___________ around ions and other polar molecules to keep them in solution

polar compounds ________ in water

ions undergo ________ in water

water is a good solvent because it is a ________

________ is the most common solvent in our bodies

describes the ability of a substance to disperse in a solvent

A ________ is a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

water is important in _________

when water is involved in bond-breaking, it is called ________

when water is involved in bond-making, it is called ________

water has high ________

carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, inorganic acids/bases/salts

molecules NOT BASED on carbon and hydrogen

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

_______ and _________ can be classified as either organic or inorganic

_________ are molecules that can be made or broken down in the body through metabolism

_________ are essential elements and molecules that are normally obtained from food

metabolism deals primarily with ________ and matabolites

__________ provides raw materials for anabolism

_______ reactions are usually reversible

energy is stored

bonds are created

__________ is when small molecules are just put together into larger ones

energy is released

bonds are broken

__________ is when large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

describes the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism

enzyme only

all ______ cant start without help

__________ is the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

bond-forming reactions are ___________

means work

means inside

chemical reactions that store energy

bond-breaking reactions are __________

means work

means outside

chemical reactions that release energy

all ________ are catalysts, not all _______ are enzymes

catalyst made of protein is called

comes in many varieties including acids, metals, nanoparticles etc

a substance that lowers the activation energy of reactions

energy CAN only be transferred from one form to another

energy can NOT be created or destroyed

potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds

stored energy

energy in motion

power to do work

defined as the movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter

AB+CD→A+B+C+D→AD+CB OR AB+CD→AD+CB

A+B↔AB or AB+CD↔AC+BD

AB→A+B

A numerical subscript following the symbol of an element indicates the number of atoms of that element in a molecule

A+B→AB

Exchange reaction: bonds are _______ AND ________

Decomposition Reaction: bonds are _______

A number BEFORE the symbol of an element indicates more than 1 atom of that element.

In a ____________ new bonds are formed and/or existing bonds are broken