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Whats Vitiligo
Complete absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin
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What is lanugo?
Fine downy hair of a newborn
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What is vernix caseosa?
- Sebum + shed epithelium = cheesy substance
- also called cradle cap
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What is senile purpura?
Red dark discoloration ( cherry) from more fragile capillaries
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what are acrochordons?
skin tags " overgrowth" of normal skin
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Whats linea nigra?
More pigment on the midline of a pregnant person
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What is chloasma?
mask of pregnancy, face discoloration
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Sebaceous hyperplasia?
raised yellow papules with a central depression
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What does pallor such as anemia on dark skin look like?
Brown skin looks more yellow-brown, and dull
Black skin looks gray,dull
check conjunctivae, mucous membrane
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What does cyanosis look like on dark skin?
dark but dull, only severe cyanosis is apparent. Check conjunctivae, oral mucosa, nail beds
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How does hyperemia look like on pale and dark skin?
Hyperemia: increased blood flow engourging arteries ex. alcohol, blushing, fever
pale: bright pink
dark: purple but hard to see, palpate skin for warmth
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How does jaundice look on black people?
Check sclera for yellow near limbus ( normal yellow fatty deposits are in the periphery under the eyelids) also look at palms
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How does uremia look on pale and dark skin?
uremia is renal failure
pale: orange/green or gray over pallor
dark: rely on lab findings
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Addisons disease on light vs dark skin
addisons is a cortisol deficiency that causes increased melanin production
light: bronzed around nipples, inner thigh, genitals
dark: rely on labs
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What a macule?
- Just a color change, flat and cicumscribed of less than 1cm
- ex. freckle, hypopigmentation, measles
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What is a nodule?
- Macules that are larger than 1cm
- ex. mongolian spot, cafe au lait spot, vitiligo
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what is a nodule?
- solid elevated hard or soft larger than 1 cm, may extend into a dermis
- ex. xanthoma, fibroma,
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What is a papule?
- something you can feel, caused by superficial thickening in the epidermis
- ex. mole, wart ( verruca)
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What is a wheal?
- superficial raised transient and erythematous slightly irregular shaped edema
- ex. mosquito bite, allergic reaction
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What is a vesicle/bulla?
- vesicle is an elevated cavity with free fluid up to 1cm in epidermis
- ex. blister, burns, herpes, chickenpox
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What is a cyst?
- encapsulated fluid filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer
- ex. sebaceous cyst
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What is a pustule?
- turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity, cicumscribed and elevated
- ex. acne, impetigo
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what is an ulcer?
deep depression extending into dermis, irregular shape, may bleed
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What is excoriation?
scooped out shallow depression. superficial, epidermis lost, moist but no bleeding
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whats a keloid?
a benign scar tissue beyond sites of original injury, looks smooth, shiny, and clawlike
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Describe stage 1 of an ulcer?
Skin is intact, red, but not broken
turns light with fingertip
dark skin looks darker but does not blanch
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Describe stage 2 of an ulcer
- partial thickness
- skin eroision with loss of epidermis or also dermis
looks shallow like an open blinder, with a red pink wound bed
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describe stage 3 of a ulcer
full thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue
looks like a crater
may see subcutaneous fat but not muscle, bone, or tendon
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Describe stage 4 of an ulcer
full thickness, all skin layers are involved and extended into supporting tissue
exposes muscle, tendon or bone and may show slough or eschar
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