AP I

The structure of the body that tells
-What they are made of
-Where they are located
-How they are physically connected

It explains how the body works under normal conditions

It explains what is happening when illness occurs

It is the basis of knowledge for many clinical/research careers

It serves as a foundation for other life sciences

It helps build vocabulary

sometimes named after the person who discovered/first described the structure or condition

sometimes named after the first or most famous patient to have a particular condition

Describes how the body works
-what the structure does individually 
-what the structure does cooperatively

The worldwide official standard for anatomical terminology

sometimes referred to by the English translation International Anatomical Terminology

Favors descriptive medical terms over eponyms

A group of different tissues working together

A living thing.
example: Human

A group of organs working together

Humans have _____organ systems?

The smallest chemical units

A group of atoms working together

A structure created by molecules

Composed of molecules and organelles

A group of similar cells working together

Study of Tissue

Histo- =

Examines the structure of things that are not visible with the naked eye. 
Incudes chemistry, cytology and histology

Examines large, more visible structures
-includes organ anatomy systmemic anatomy, and organismal anatomy

Non-invasive study of structures on the surface of the body

Form follows function and vice-versa

Skin, Hair, sweat glands, nail

Functions:
Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
provides sensory information

Bones, Cartilages, Associated Ligaments, Bone Marrow

Functions:
Provides support and protections for other tissues. 
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

Skeletal muscles 
Tendon and ligaments

Functions: 
-provides movement 
-provides protection and support for other tissues
-generates heat that maintains body temperature

Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral nerves, Sense organs

Functions: 
-Directs immediate responses to stimuli
-Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
-provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels

Distributes blood cells, water, hormones, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

Nasal Cavities, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea

Functions: 
-Delivers air to the Alveoli(sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) 
-Provides oxygen to the bloodstream
-removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
-Produces sounds for communication

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal Glands

Function: 
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Function: 
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.

Function: 
Controls many structural and functional changes durning development

Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils

Function: 
Defends against infection and disease

Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach

small intestine, large intestine, Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas

Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves.

Kindeys, Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

-Excretes waste products from the blood. 
-Controls water balance by regulating volume of the urine produced

-Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
-Regulates PH
-Regulates blood ion concentrations

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands, Uterus

Where the true body cavities are found

This large cavity is subdivided by a muscle called the diaphragm into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity.

The dorsal body cavity includes the ______ cavity and _______ cavity but is not considered a true cavity because its not lined by a serous membrane

Testes, Penis, Scrotum, Prostate gland

Epididymes, Ductus defernita, seminal vesicles

Produces male sex cells (sperm) seminal fluids and hormones 

Sexual intercorse

_______ are closed, fluid-filled regions within the body lined by a thin tissue layer known as a __________.

The term ______ can be used to describe any open space.

________ are closed and lined by serosa.

-Protect organs from accidental shocks

-permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

The thoracic cavity is divided into three cavities.

The right pleural cavity contains the _____?

The left pleural cavity contains _______?

The pericardial cavity contains the ________?

The structure within the thoracic cavity that separates the three cavities is ______?

The ______ is found between the pleural cavities and surrounds the pericardial cavity.

At which level of organization does a histologist investigate structures

Put these four levels of organization in order from smallest to largest. 
*tissue
*cell 
*organ 
*chemical

True/False

Homeostasis is defined as a state of internal balance
True False

True/False

Homeostatic regulation is mostly driven by positive feedback?
True False

True/False

Homeostatic regulation requires a feedback loop consisting of a receptor, control center and effector.
True False

True/False

Homeostatic regulation is a primary driving force for human physiology
True False

For auto regulation, control centers are _______?

Sweat glands that cool the skin when we are hot are examples of?

_________often results in disease or death?