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infections in a limited region of the body, such as the upper respiratory tract, the urethra, or a single bone joint
local infection
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infections occur when pathogens invade the blood or lymph and spread throughout the body
systemic infection
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the clinical presence of bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
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is symptomatic systemis infection spread via the blood
septicemia
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the first infection that occurs in a patient
primary infection
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may follow a primary infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. Occurs during or after treatment for another infection
EX: Getting a vaginal yeast infection after taking antibiotics to treat an infection caused by bacteria.
secondary infection
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the pathogen is acquired from the healthcare environment
exogenous infection
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the pathogen arises from the patient's normal flora when some form of treatment (chemo or antibiotics) causes the normally harmless microbe to multiple and cause infection.
Ex:
endogenous infection
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infections that have a rapid onset but last only a short time
Ex: common cold
acute infection
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develops slowly and last for weeks, months, or even years.
Ex: relapsing fever, recur after periods or remission.
chronic infection
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the stage between successful invasion of the pathogen into the body and the first appearance of symptoms. In this stage the person does not suspect that he has been infected but may be capable of infecting others.
incubation stage
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characterized by the first appearance of vague symptoms
Ex: a person infected with a cold virus may experience a mild throat irritation
prodromal stage
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the stage marked by the appearance of the signs and symptoms characteristic of the disease
illness stage
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the stage during which the patient's immune defense, along with any medical therapies, successfully reduce the number of pathogenic microbes
decline stage
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is characterized by tissue repair and a return to health as the remaining number of microorganisms approaches zero
convalescence stage
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some microorganisms, mostly bacteria, have mutated to develop resistance to one or more classes of antimicrobial drugs
drug resistant or multi drug resistant
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lives on the skin and in the nose, usually without causing problems. spread by skin to skin contact, and by living in crowded conditions
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
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normal residents in the intestines and the females genital tract, also occur int he environment.
Risk factors: previous long term antibiotic treatment, weakened immune system, surgical procedures, long term devices (urinary catheters, or colonization by VRE
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
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is a bacterium that can cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. becomes harmful when antibiotics destroy healthy bacteria that normally protects against the disease. Resistant to nearly all antibiotics, causes sepsis, intestinal damage, potential colon removal, death.
cleaning patients room and equipment is important also washing hands
clinical manifestations: diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
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