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In medicine, digital imaging was first used in what modality?:
CT:
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Who introduced CT and when?:
Godfrey Hounsfield in the 70's:
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What is the basic definition of digital imaging?:
Any imaging acquisition process that produces an electronic image that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer:
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The first commercial CT scanners were made to image:
The head only:
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MRI was introduced commercially for health care in:
The early 1980's:
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What does PACS stand for?:
Picture Archival and Communication System:
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Early PACS were developed by:
The US Military in an effort to move images among Veterans Administration hospitals and battlefield images to establish hospitals:
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To provide the early PACS a digital image, what had to be done?:
Analog radiographs were scanned into a computer and digitized:
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What is the digital acquisition modality that uses storage phosphor plates to produce projection images?:
Computed Radiography, or Cassette-based DR:
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When and by what company was CR first introduced in the United states?:
1983 by Fuji Medical Systems of Japan:
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What uses an x-ray absorber material coupled to a flat panel detector or a charged coupled device to form an image?:
Digital Radiography (cassette-less):
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Two categories of DR:
Direct and Indirect Capture:
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Which category of DR absorbs x-rays and convert them into light and then into an electrical signal?:
Indirect Capture Radiography:
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Which category of DR converts the incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal?:
Direct Capture Radiography:
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Unlike conventional and CR, what must happen to an x-ray room for DR?:
A detector replaces the Bucky in both the table and wall stand:
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What kind of plate is placed inside the cassette for CR?:
A photostimulable phosphor plate:
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In CR, how is the latent image released?:
Focused laser light is scanned over the plate causing electrons to return to their original state and emitting light in the process:
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Why is the exposure latitude very wide in CR and DR?:
Because a single detector can be sensitive to a wide range of exposures:
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Regarding scatter, CR and DR are:
more sensitive than screen/film:
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What is PACS?:
A networked group of computers, servers, and archives that can be used to manage digital images:
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What does DICOM stand for?:
Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine:
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What is DICOM?:
Standards that allow imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in the same 'language':
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Where and when was the first full-scale PACS installed in the US?:
At the VA Medical Center in Baltimore, 1993:
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The brain of the computer is:
The central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor:
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Where is the CPU, or microprocessor found?:
It is a small chip on the motherboard:
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What two companies manufacture microprocessors?:
Intel and Advanced Micro Devices:
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What are the basic tasks of the CPU?:
To read data from storage, manipulate data, and move the data back to storage or send it to external devices:
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When was the first microprocessor placed in a computer?:
1979, by Intel 8088:
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The basic input/output system (BIOS) runs what?:
The start-up diagnostics on the system to make sure all peripherals are running properly. Is the intermediary between the operating system and the hardware:
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RAM is what?:
Short term storage for an open program:
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What does CMOS stand for?:
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor:
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What is the purpose of CMOS?:
It is a special type of memory chip that uses a small rechargeable battery to retain information about the PC's hardware while the computer is turned off:
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What are the two major types of monitors?:
Cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD). Plasma on the rise:
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What is the basic picture element on a display?:
Pixel:
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What is a grouping of one red dot, one green dot, and one blue dot?:
A dot triad:
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The number of pixels on a display is known as it's:
Resolution:
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Pixels are arranged in a rectangular or square table of numbers that represents the pixel intensity to be displayed on a monitor known as:
A matrix:
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What is the measurement of how close the dots are located to one another within a picture?:
Dot pitch:
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What is the measure of how fast the monitor rewrites the screen or the number of times that the image is redrawn on the display each second?:
Refresh rate:
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What is the term for the ration of the width of a monitor to the height of the monitor?:
Aspect Ratio:
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How is the viewable area on a monitor measured?:
Diagonally from one corner to the other:
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A cathode ray tube is comparable to:
An x-ray tube:
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How does and LCD monitor produce images?:
By shinning or reflecting light through a layer of liquid crystal and a series of color filters:
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What are plasma displays made up of?:
Many small fluorescent lights that are illuminated to form the color of an image:
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What is an operating system?:
the software that controls the computer hardware and acts as a bridge between applications and the hardware.:
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Which OS is used to control specific machinery or scientific instruments such as digital x-ray consoles?:
Real-time OS:
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Which OS is designed so that a computer can effectively do one task for one person at a time, such as a hand-held device?:
Single user, single task:
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Which OS is designed for one user to perform multiple functions at the same time, such as on a PC?:
Single user, multi task:
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Which OS is designed to handle multiple users and multiple tasks at the same time, such as UNIX:
Multi-user:
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What does GUI stand for?:
Graphical user interface:
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What is the GUI?:
An icon based program where the mouse is used to point and click on the function needed to be performed:
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What is a LAN?:
Local area network; a small geographical area:
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What is a WAN?:
Wide area network; spans a large area such as a city, state, nation, continent, or the world:
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Describe a peer-to-peer network:
Each computer on the network is considered equal; no computer has ultimate control over another:
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Why does peer-to-peer have a limited scope?:
Because the maximum number of peers that should be connected is 10:
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Describe a server-based network:
A centralized computer controls the operations, files, and sometimes the programs of the computers attached to the network:
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How is a client-based network different from a server-based network:
They are esentially the same except that the server returns only the results back to the client:
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Who developed DICOM and when?:
the American College of Radiology and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in 1985:
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What is HL-7?:
The standard that oversees most clinical and administrative data such as demographics, reports, claims, and orders:
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HL-7 is generally used in communication between:
Hospital Information System (HIS) and Radiology Information System (RIS):
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