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time when particular type of development must happen if its ever going to happen.
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Bio-social development
growth and change that occur in a person’s body and the genetic, nutritional and health factors that affect growth and change
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Paul & Margaret Baltes – study of human development that takes into account all phases of life is multidirectional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, multidisciplinary and plastic.
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Guided participation
the process by which mentors guide novices to master the skills and habits expected within a culture
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Ethnic group
people whose ancestors were in the same region who share the same language, culture and religion
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Freud
- Birth - 1 year: oral stage
- 1-3 years: anal
- 3-6 years: phallic
- 6-11 years: latency
- Puberty: genital
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Psycho-social): emphasizes family and culture not sexual urges.
- Birth to 1 year: Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1-3 years: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, children either became self-sufficient or doubt their own abilities
- 3-6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt, feel adventurous or guity.
- 6-11: Industry vs. Inferiority, children feel competent or inferior
- 12: Identity vs. Role Confusion
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John B. Watson
(Behaviorism/Learning theory): theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Conditioning is crucial, patterns and habits can be shaped using reinforcement and punishment
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B.F. Skinner
(Operant conditioning): animals perform action and response occurs: If response is pleasurable, it is likely to be repeated, if response is painful action is unlikely to be repeated.
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Bandura
(Social learning theory/Imitation): humans learn from observing even without receiving reinforcement
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John Piaget
(Cognitive Theory): focuses on how people think over time. Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs and behavior
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Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs): infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world.
- Pre-operational (2-6): children view the world through their own perspective (egocentric)
- Concrete operational (6-11): children learn to apply logic
- Formal operational (12-adulthood): apply abstractions & hypothetical concents and can take on a broader more theoretical approach to experience.
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human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical emotional being and his or her environment including family and culture.
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Experiment
method to determine cause and effect of 2 variables on each other by manipulating one (independent variable) and then recording the ensuing change in the other (dependent variable).
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the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.
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Dependent variable
the variable that may be changed as a result of whatever new condition the experimenter adds
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compares groups of people off different age but similar in all other ways.
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same people are studied over time and development is repeatedly assessed.
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study groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over time. (hybrid)
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Correlation
exist if one variable is more likely to occur if the other does. Indicates only that two variables are related not that one variable causes the other to occur
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Positive correlation
if the two variables increase or decrease together
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Negative correlation
if one variable increases and the other decreases
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Zygote
the single cell that is formed by the fusing of two gametes (sperm and ovum)
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Allele
variation of a gene
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Polygenic
referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes ex: eye color
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Multi-factorial
trait that is influenced by many factors
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Regulator gene
a gene that directs the interactions of other genes
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Germinal period
first 2-weeks of development
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Embryonic period
3rd through 8th week of conception
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Fetal period
9th week of conception through birth
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Age of viability
22 weeks after conception where a fetus can survive
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Erikson's 8 stages of psycho-social development
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Birth to 1 year: Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1-3 years: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, children either became self-sufficient or doubt their own abilities
- 3-6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt, feel adventurous or guity.
- 6-11: Industry vs. Inferiority, children feel competent or inferior
- 12: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation, young adults seek compansion or become isolated for fear of rejection or disappointment.
- Middle Age: Generativity or Stagnation
- Integrity v. Despair: older adults see life as meaningful whole or despair over goals that were never reached
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