mcat psychology jelani

Split mind. Prototypical psychotic disorder. Positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior.

Negative symptoms: disturbance of affect. Avolition (goal setting).

SIG E CAPS 

Episodic & severe enough to interfere with normal functioning.

Sleep disturbance
Interest loss
Guilt
Energy decrease
Concentration difficulty
Appetite disturbance
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal

Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

hypomania (really good mood) with at least one major depressive episode

both mania and depression that is less severe

physiological response and cognitive appraisal occur simultaneous but independent 

S -> c + p -> B -> E

physiological response comes before cognitive appraisal

S -> P + B -> C -> E

Theory of emotion in which cognitive appraisal is based of environmental cue. So if there is no explanation for physiological arousal the person will look to environmental cues to attribute emotion but if they are offered an explanation they will look more towards that explanation 

S - P - C (enviornment) - E

probability that the null is true

Episodic memory (experience)
Semantic memory (facts)

Procedural memory

Combine color shape motion to determine object from memory

color shape or motion

Memory or expectation to recognize whole object

sensory stimuli combined to recognize whole image

law of proximity similarity continuation more complete than really are

repeated exposure to same stimulus causes decreased response

method for searching associative networks neural networks or semantic networks.

Red for devil

recall aided by first presenting similar workds and phrases

remember early and late items

process of encoding sensory input that has a particular meaning or can be applied to a context

item to location

item to number

ensuring change in dependent variable

ensuring no change in dependent variable

prospective studies, two groups exposed or not exposed based on risk factor or disease examined over period of time

cause to effect

starts with exposure

different groups examined  at a given point or time (study) and cannot be used to determine causality

separate groups then look at past ex 100 smokers vs 100 nonsmokers then look at history. two existing groups compared on causal attribute

effect to cause starts with disease

participants modify behavior in response or awareness of being watched

temporality (independent b4 dependent)
strength 
dose response
consistency
plausibility
specificity 
coherence

emotions are subjective experience, expressive behavior, peripheral physiological responses

self actualization
self esteem
love
safe
physiological

groups come together and take more extreme position

change behavior or attitude based on observation

cognitive bias in which ppl tend to reject convincing proof that goes against their belief

rejecting a true null

fail to reject a false null

reject a false null (power)

fail to reject a true null (correct)

preconventional  (selfish)
1- Obedience/punishment - behavior driven by avoiding punishment

2- exchange/ interest driven- behavior driven by rewards

conventional (others)
3- conformity and interpersonal accord- behavior driven by securing approval and relation to others "good boy good girl"

4- law and order- fixed rules obey without question to authority 

Post conventional (abstract)
5- social contract - moral right and legal right not always in accord more flexible
6- Universal ethical principle- deeply held moral principles

social network for advantages

position in society based on things outside direct control like race ethnicity nationality gender family

tendency to group stimuli into continuous lines

individuals experience internal tension that motivates them to take action aroused by physiological needs such as food water

complex tasks performed better with moderate amounts of arousal and simple tasks from high levels of arousal

if someone watching you, you get aroused and if you're good at task or task is simple that enhances performance but if you're a novice or task is complex it will hurt performance

power and inequality in society

change in social status based off individuals talents and achievements

individuals peer group and kinship

increasing likelyhood of agreeing to large task by completing small task

holding discomfort bcuz two conflicting beliefs

change behavior cuz of fear of confirming negative stereotype

perform better in presence of others

need based motivation based off wanting to be good at autonomy

humans makes their idientities based off how others see them

people interact through shared meaning of symbols

effects of social constructs on individuals particularly how these constructs effect roles they take in society meaning and interpretation

intangible things like money citizenship exist cuz of mutual agreement

conscious deliberate benefit

unconscious unintended benefit

unintended unconscious and harmful

making a dispositional internal attribution to ones behavior as oppose to external situational

attributing ones success to external circumstance

distorted memory without intent to trick, cant form new memories and no schema has to approach each situation as brand new even if seen before

caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin b1) chronic alcohol abuse or malnutrition

person holds beliefs to alleviate concern over chances of calamity

self actualization and helping patient become more complete

participants guess hypothesis of study and change behaviors to match hypothesis or rarely to deny it

society is a complex system composed of individual parts working together to maintain social stability

distance and time directly related

change in visual stimuli and observer dont notice

2nd stimulus cant be detected if it occurs within 500ms of the first

psychological lack of focus not associated with any vision defects

experimental design needs to actually test the situation

group of people a person compares himself to when evaluating himself

society which leaders are most skilled or have proven achievements not position based on birth

what type of therapist would use token economy

type of theory that studies unconscious

allow person to shave negative experience in a safe place

penalty for disobeying

norms that govern everyday behavior like opening door

considered unacceptable in almost any culture (cannibalism incest)

norms deemed necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated (seeking help for acute medical illness is needed for the well being of all and shunned in you  dont get)

established standards of behavior that are written down and have very clear consequences

"use - disuse" inheritance cultural evolution as oppose to biological. some parents pass on traits and if traits are not used it withers away

type of sexual dimorphism in which males and females are alike and pair with mate for life

type of sexual dimorphism in which males and females are different and competitive mating occurs

severe depressive state for at least two weeks

depressed mood for at least two years

rare mood disorder with ups and downs but not as severe as bipolar disorder

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

epidermis layers - 1st degree burn

dermal layers

converging:  f+, IR (Inverted , real)
diverging:  f-, UV (Upright, virtual)

concave mirror - converging 
convex mirror - diverging - UV
concave lens - diverging - UV
convex lens - converging 

enlarged - i > o   or   m >1
reduced o > i      or    m<1

1/i = 1/f - 1/o
2/r = 1/i + 1/o

-5 diopters means negative focal length 

P = 1/F

m = -i/o

semantic memory - facts 
episodic memory - experience

procedural memory

Premoral:
1- Punishment avoidance and obedience: moral decision self interest, disobey if you don't get caught

2- exchange of favors: recognize others have need but yours comes first 

Conventional:
3- Good boy/girl- decision based on pleasing others
4- Law and order- look to society as a whole for guidelines for behavior thinks rules are inflexible 

Principled level:
5- Social contract- rules are social agreements that can be changed if needed
6- Universal ethical principle- adhere to small # of abstract principles, inner conscience

important connection with ones ethnicity that does not extend to every day life

both sexes take mates indiscriminately

female takes multiple mates

male takes multiple mates

the hypothesis suggests that dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep. random firing of neurons

thoughts , impulses , behaviors are distressing and unacceptable with ones self-concept

behaviors and thoughts in harmony with ones self-concept

gemeinschaft

gesellschaft

7+- rule

refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

birth and death rates high in pre-industrial society - what stage of demographic transition

death rates lower because of improved medical care and sanitation -  what stage of demographic transition

shift to industrial society leads to birthrates dropping - what stage of demographic transition - what stage of demographic transition ?

birth rates and death rates are low in industrialized society  - what stage?

someone conforming to image they want someone to see

barrier due to geographic location like student cant go to a school accepted to cuz of location

movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata

government or company build environmentally detrimental infrastructure in minority community can be environmental racism

motivation from a need to eliminate uncomfortable states - internal tension

motivation by for desire for optimal level of arousal

motivation by expectation of success and degree to which they value success

people more likely to be aggressive when experiencing stress or negative emotion

happens when an individual must make a judgement that is complex but instead uses a simpler solution - ex) a director bases a difficult hiring decision on the number of publications held by candidates

agriculture to industrial

abnormal movements or behavior from disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia )

must have at least two psychotic symptoms delusions , hallucinations , disorganized thought, disorganized behavior , catatonia , disorganized speech for a month one must be bold

located near olfactory bulb and links smell with emotion and memory

connection with ethic symbols despite lack of everyday importance

leaving one identity for another

difficulty handling multiple requirements of a single role

difficulty handling multiple roles

theta waves (what sleep stage?)

theta waves and k complex and sleep spindles - what sleep stage ?

delta waves - what sleep stage?

delta waves and deepest sleep occurs - what stage?

sleep walking and bed wetting

dreaming , body movement, faster pulse, and breathing - what stage of sleep?

hydrophillic -histidine lysine arganine glutamine asparagine aspartate glutamate threonine serine

ketogenic amino acids

keto and glucogenic amino acids

visual-spatial
bodily - kinesthetic
music
interpersonal
intrapersonal
linguistic 
logic-math

linguistic intelligence + logic math

decreased response to a conditioned stimulus when no longer paired with unconditioned

a type of negative reinforcement where a behavior is increased to prevent unpleasant stimulus

not genetic, but using a certain trait on a mate to indicate overall health and fitness

individuals varieties or species that can cross-breed

consistent long-term chronic type of depression that can last years of life time must be longer than two years

delta I / I - whatever is lower in this value the person is least likely to distinguish 

659hz to 699hz   --  40/659 --- 1/16
73hz to 82hz  --  9/73 --- 1/8

least likely to notice 1st one

higher magnitude of stimuli the larger the difference needs to be to produce jnd

syntax - grammar 
phonology - sound

presenting stimuli in a random order to eliminate possibility of time effects

belief becomes more charged with any evidence

similar to belief perseverance but has to do with increased likelihood to remember that info

disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. ppls attitudes or beliefs strengthen and become more extreme as they engage in intense thought about the attitude object

habits or outlooks that an individual receives from culture they grew up in

individuals intrinsic ability to perform a task

loss of self-awareness in groups (ex - riots)

practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual creativity - arrive at erroneous conclusion just to agree

theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience requires some environmental input

concepts mental capacities and mental states structures are innate rather than acquired or learned

human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning

derives social processes (conflict cooperation identity formation) from human interaction

shared idea that represents a non-physical concept

cultural capital

visual or pictoral mental representation of an idea

agreement among members of society to cooperate for social benefits

O- thought
C- Behavior 
- increased frontal lobe metabolism

extreme sensitivity to rejection, excessive shyness, high anxiety, desire acceptance

life long pattern of social withdrawal. differs from avoidant personality because this one does not desire interpersonal interaction

dramatic, attention-seeking , seductive behaviors

unified whole ppl tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes

identify object using smaller clues to build u bigger picture of recognition

identify object using big clues to identify smaller components

disparate - #'s skewed significantly 

ppl with neutral and then when put in room 32% alone and 68% in group moved to other direction

People at dinner see fake food but don't notice its fake they just see things for what they represent not what they are - subjective meaning ppl impose on things

attribute success to dispositional attributes and failures to situational attributes

lesion to this part of hypothalamus leads to hyperphagia increased eating bcuz this spot controls satiety

lesion to this part of hypothalamus leads to aphasia which is lack of eating

amnesia - hippocampus and amygdala (fear emotion survival memory, and aggression and emotional)

lesion to this part of hypothalamus leads to asexuality - lack of sexual orientation

bilateral lesion of amygdala - hypersexuality

organ that synthesizes epinephrine and norepinephrine

neurotransmitter responsible for increased peristasis

neurotransmitter responsible for decreased peristalsis

case studies provide one of the weakest forms of evidence

since this type of study follows a single group of people over time it can be used to support that obesity can be a causal factor for depression

typically extensive interviews or reports about the experience of of one specific person

how we attach meaning to our own or others behavior

the belief in the inherent superiority of one's  own ethnic group or culture

a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own.

application of game theory about struggle between two parties for a shared resource food

geographic area with high ethnic concentration

earlier onset and longer duration of REM sleep after sleep deprivation

sudden uncontrollable muscle weakness or paralysis that comes during day and can be triggered by laughter or excitement

extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing settings

true or false - reflex arcs do not involve processing in the brain
True False

expands based off absence of light and contracts based off presence of light

stores and processes images

gather and use light but not responsible for not responsible for how much light accepted

desire for harmony within a group results in an incorrect decision being made or poor decision

evolutionary phenomenon where certain area of the world show a much higher frequency of particular alleles than other areas of the world

0-2 years: sensory motor 
experience world through senses. touch, smell, mouthing, hearing, seeing (stranger anxiety, object permanence)

2-7 years:  preoperational
represents things with words + images, using intuition rather than logic. pretend play and egocentrism 

7-11: concrete operational
logic thinking , performing arithmetic (conservation, math)

12+: formal operational
abstract reasoning (abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning)

Trust vs. Mistrust
From birth to 12 months of age, infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This occurs when adults meet a child’s basic needs for survival. Infants are dependent upon their caregivers, so caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of trust; their baby will see the world as a safe, predictable place. Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their baby’s needs can engender feelings of anxiety, fear, and mistrust; their baby may see the world as unpredictable. If infants are treated cruelly or their needs are not met appropriately, they will likely grow up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
As toddlers (ages 1–3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results. They begin to show clear preferences for certain elements of the environment, such as food, toys, and clothing. A toddler’s main task is to resolve the issue of autonomy vs. shame and doubt by working to establish independence. This is the “me do it” stage. For example, we might observe a budding sense of autonomy in a 2-year-old child who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. Although her outfits might not be appropriate for the situation, her input in such basic decisions has an effect on her sense of independence. If denied the opportunity to act on her environment, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.

Initiative vs. Guilt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3–6 years), they are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. According to Erikson, preschool children must resolve the task of initiative vs. guilt.By learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others, preschool children can master this task. Initiative, a sense of ambition and responsibility, occurs when parents allow a child to explore within limits and then support the child’s choice. These children will develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose. Those who are unsuccessful at this stage—with their initiative misfiring or stifled by over-controlling parents—may develop feelings of guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority
During the elementary school stage (ages 6–12), children face the task of industry vs. inferiority. Children begin to compare themselves with their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life, or they feel inferior and inadequate because they feel that they don’t measure up. If children do not learn to get along with others or have negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop into adolescence and adulthood.

Identity vs. Role Confusion
In adolescence (ages 12–18), children face the task of identity vs. role confusion. According to Erikson, an adolescent’s main task is developing a sense of self. Adolescents struggle with questions such as “Who am I?” and “What do I want to do with my life?” Along the way, most adolescents try on many different selves to see which ones fit; they explore various roles and ideas, set goals, and attempt to discover their “adult” selves. Adolescents who are successful at this stage have a strong sense of identity and are able to remain true to their beliefs and values in the face of problemsand other people’s perspectives. When adolescents are apathetic, do not make a conscious search for identity, or are pressured to conform to their parents’ ideas for the future, they may develop a weak sense of self and experience role confusion. They will be unsure of their identity and confused about the future. Teenagers who struggle to adopt a positive role will likely struggle to “find” themselves as adults.

Intimacy vs. Isolation
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are concerned with intimacy vs. isolation. After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, we are ready to share our life with others. However, if other stages have not been successfully resolved, young adults may have trouble developing and maintaining successful relationships with others. Erikson said that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. Adults who do not develop a positive self-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. The social task of middle adulthood is generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity involves finding your life’s work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. During this stage, middle-aged adults begin contributing to the next generation, often through childbirth and caring for others; they also engage in meaningful and productive work which contributes positively to society. Those who do not master this task may experience stagnation and feel as though they are not leaving a mark on the world in a meaningful way; they may have little connection with others and little interest in productivity and self-improvement.

Integrity vs. Despair
From the mid-60s to the end of life, we are in the period of development known as late adulthood. Erikson’s task at this stage is called integrity vs. despair. He said that people in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they can look back on their lives with few regrets. However, people who are not successful at this stage may feel as if their life has been wasted. They focus on what “would have,” “should have,” and “could have” been. They face the end of their lives with feelings of bitterness, depression, and despair.

this portion of the brain deals with processing and displaying negative emotion

this portion of the brain deals with positive emotion

which theory is about front stage (person act in public) / backstage (person act in private) monitoring self presentation

already escape an existing negative stimuli

avoid a negative stimulus that didn't happen yet avoid potential penalty

mental shortcut

helps activate memory

is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

can'r see things from someones perspective

any non-financial asset that helps improve an individuals position status in society

decreased physical labor and more sedentary lifestyle. more pollution diabetes infuenza asthma, dense area

involves circumstances where the physical symptoms an individual is experiencing cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition

reality memory identity or awareness are broken down

twins with 100% of genes shared

twins with 50% genes shared

rational behavior of interacting people , people act to help self interest

people experience more cognitive dissonance if they believe behavior was their choice and not coerced

believes that individuals personality can be broken into countless stable traits ubiquitous across all cultures and humans

justify a questionable means with the end. personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate deceive and exploit others to achieve their goals

life-long process which individuals learn to behave within the accepted limits of social norms

focusing one part of the sensory environment while ignoring other stimuli

categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical image of that category

comparing to past recent experience rather than prototype 

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

exchange of ideas info and culture across borders creating a more homogeneous "world" culture

type of structures evolved independently to have the same function 

ex. wings of a bee wings of a bird

structures with similar evolutionary history for different function

ex- human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing

influences the strength of relationship between two variables 

ex. education being a moderator variable for self testicular exams and social status

ex. mediating variable IQ influencing the hours studied and exam score

variable that explains the causal relationship between two other variables 

ex- hispanic patients were prescribed less pain meds than whites due to hispanics having disproportionately less insurance -

variable that is not of interest to the researcher but is an extraneous variable which is related to both independent and dependent.

Pre-encounter
african americans view majority of Caucasians as more desirable and view doctor of this race as more skilled 

immersion emersion:
view majority of caucasians with resentment and distrust prefer treatments from others

stage 3: internalization:
integrated aspects of his own culture with that of majority and work to rectify past racial injustices

# of new cases of disease

comparing the risks of two groups

how many people have the disease - new or current

experiment where you randomly assign people to one of two: experiment and control

examine group of people at one point and time and cannot be used to determine causality

retrospective study where you compare people with disease vs no disease

when individuals perceive objects as being whole when they are not complete

when we perceive objects close to each other in groups as oppose to individual parts

we tend to perceive stimuli as grouped symmetrically around a center point

we perceive similar objects as being grouped together

systematic error caused by selective occurance and biased handling of protocol deviates and losses to follow up , which lead to results that differ from true value. can lead to results that differ from true value - 

can occur when people drop out or withdraw from long term study

known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

a type of bias related to memory: we may not remember as accurately when under high amounts of stress

a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.

a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body. It happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you some way

happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn't actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn't perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren't affected.

a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate. In this case, people who witnessed unethical behavior in medical school may have been more likely to respond to the survey.

a type of bias related to how people respond to research questions, in a way in which would be favorable

demonstrated that participants would follow orders of a superior if instructed to go against their conscience.

his theories of symbolic interactionism emphasize how individuals relate to society, and one of his ideas was the concept of the iron cage. He believed that the experience of the "iron cage" led to disenchantment with society

the attitudes or stereotypes that affect an individual's understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

involve making judgments of a mental image where the orientation needs to be changed

category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, or dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.

both options are unappealing

consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics

a type of memory that is formed based on your associations between two things. For example, if your professor rings a bell at the end of the exam, you will remember the bell as the sign that the exam is over.

preconceived opinions or attitudes that are usually negative and not based on any facts or experience. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is actually acting on that feeling

disapproval attached to disobeying the expected norms so that a person is discredited as less than normal

unfair treatment and harmful actions against others based on their membership in a specific social group

is "the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring

is the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome.

refers to the generalizability of the research to settings beyond this study

is when subjects take longer to name the ink color of a presented word when it is incongruent with the meaning of the word (e.g., when the word 'green' is presented in red ink)

schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction,

- casino use this when slot machines pay out on average of 10 attempts - could be 5th, 12th, 13th attempt but average to 10

This study would occur if the researchers posed as patients, for example.

privately disagree but publicly conform

publicly and privately conform and accept

conforming to someone who is liked and respected

conform by turning to others for info on correct like if we think they're more knowledgeable or experts

physiological arousal , expressive display (how you express), subjective experience

affect behavior cognition

type of ratio where rat gets food every 5 times it press lever

type of ratio where unpredictable amount of time has passed 

ex- Pop Quizzes:
Your Employer Checking Your Work

operant conditioning principle where organism is reinforced every single time it gets correct response

one reward per response

you walk into a room and there is a notebook on desk so you sit somewhere else

cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

information about frequency of members of different categories in the population - generic info

studies are designed to investigate people and culture in their own environment from their particular perspective. Scientific generalities about human behavior can then be drawn from them. Answer (A) is the best choice simply because the study involves observing physicians in their own environment and borrows elements from culture (role strain). - understand a culture from the inside without preconceived notions

level of agreement between two independent people to show objectivity

keeping all same except independent variable making sure nothing but independent variable affect dependent control all extraneous variables

extent to which psychological phenomenon or process triggered in experiment can be applied to real life

statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an  independent variable is reliable

inert substance that creates harmful effects in patient if patient told it would

phenomenon where higher expectations from others lead to increase in performance

does a new test add a lot to an existing method of assessment

the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area."the convertible furnishes a sporty image and provides a halo effect for other cars in the showrooms

is a form of cognitive bias in which the brain allows specific positive traits to positively influence the overall evaluation of a person.

extent to which study appears to assess what it is intended to assess - degree to which it seems right

overall consistency of a measure, whether it produces similar results under consistent conditions

how well different raters match in assessments

ability to obtain same results under same experimental conditions

variation in measurements taken by single person or instrument on same item under same conditions

a theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior we systematically note the pattern between presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether the behavior occurs

good happens to good and bad to bad

A type of bias where cause and effect are misinterpreted when a new factor, like a treatment, is introduced

Early termination of a trial when its conclusions support a hypothesis

The tendency of respondents to provide untruthful answers due to social-acceptability

An incorrect recollection of an event due to information provided after the event. A form of retroactive interference.

Where a researcher's expectations cause them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

An unwillingness of raters to provide very high or low ratings

Seeing the impact of bias on others' judgement while failing to see one's own bias

the belief that the more something outside the norm happens the next time it is less likely to happen or vise-versa when all likelihood of each event happening is independent 

ex- coin toss landed on heads five times in a row next flip still 50/50 it goes on heads but some think heads is less likely

the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless.

ignore stats, focus on representiveness heuristic 

ex- bill shy and say he desk cubicle worker rather than actor although stats say 1 out of 100 desk cubicle

people value things they own more than things they don't have

living standards are increasing in absolute terms - your kids > you > ur parents

the movement from one social level to a higher one or lower one changing jobs or marrying

cognitive action or BELIEF  against someone

FEELING
BELIEF
ACTION

statement that suggest there is no relationship between two variables

two options both good

one option has both appealing and unappealing

are sometimes called natural experiments because membership in the treatment level is determined by conditions beyond the control of the experimenter

normal part of behavior in preschool children in which they will play by themselves but observe another child playing and adjust their behavior in response

rejecting a false null

failing to reject a true null

rejecting a true null

failing to reject a false null

society in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources and society maintains order by domination and power not consensus and conformity 

ex- lack of opportunity discrimination against poor people and colored people

is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

participants take the same test over and over again which effects their response

when a study's design is biased influencing results to portray a certain outcome

individuals related by choice such as through marriage not blood so husband and wife merge their children from a previous marriage

monkeys paired with cloth mother and cling to her even more than wire monkey providing food showing more than just milk is needed for infant mom "contact-comfort" monkey paired with wired mom abnormal irreversible behavior

society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness

type of bias in which you only focus on negative

brain area that is the center for reward sensitivity often implicated in addiction research

individuals make different interpretations about stimuli such as negative or positive - what theory is this?

claims that experience of emotion after an event is a result of interpretation of the event

This theory examined emotion from the perspective of its value in successful reproduction

reduce frequency of rewards for a given action

late physical maturation + or - effect on girls / boys

control of info of oneself characterized by flattery, boasting, ingratiating

animal acts in way the ensures propagation of genes

part of piagets theory in which child repeats behaviors pleasurable to them

when a person is told false information about an event and continues on as if it is true

share detailed personal info about yourself, and when it is met with a non-judgmental approach

any shared attribute superficial or profound between two people that cause attraction like age

auditory canal > tympanic membrane/ eardrum > malleus incus stapes > oval window > round window > estauchian tube

left visual field projects into what hemisphere?
right visual field projects into what hemisphere?

This divides fovea (center of primary visual cortex) into two distinct halves - the top half represents the bottom area of visual field and the bottom half represents the top area of visual field

in game theory performing and action that hurts yourself and the opponent

developing a preference to things because you are familiar with them or exposed to often

neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleeping, eating, and dreaming - low amounts lead to depression

for a skewed graph, mean would be lowest, then median, and mode would be highest.

occurs during childhood when one initially learns acceptable actions and behaviors primarily thorough observations of parents and other adults in close proximity or as members of a particular culture

refers to the processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. Norms are implicit, unsaid rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.

refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and reflexes, accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

-A strategy where you don’t keep hold on to your original culture, nor integrate in the new culture
-Isolation from both cultural groups!
-Living in a non-identity

-When you hold on to some aspects of your own culture (cultural integrity) such as central norms and values, and at the same time, try to melt in to the new cultural environment

When you focus on keeping your own values and avoid contact with the majority culture as much as you can

When you abandon your own cultural habits and values in order to accept the new country totally.

refers to the process of learning what is the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. Basically, it is the behavioral patterns reinforced by socializing agents of society. takes place outside the home.

Denial -> anger > bargaining > depression > acceptance

Type of aging related to biological factors and physical body like molecular changes

aging related to controllable behavioral factors like diet and exercise

Exposing the same group to different stimuli

various experimental treatments given to different groups of people

Hans Selye term used to describe the bodys short term and long term reaction to stress - involving nervous system and endocrine system (alarm reaction - stage of resistance - stage of exhaustion )

tendency for someone to take more and greater risks when investing in profits attained

in game theory, shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate even if it is their best interest to do so

range of quantitative responses ordered at equally spaced intervals and with it being possible to score zero

level based more on quality than quantity - meal preference or religious preference

this level of measurement indicates direction 

1st 2nd 3rd
yes maybe no
left center right

this level of measurement provides info about order and also possess equal intervals

ex- if we knew distance between 1 and 2 is same as 7 and 8 or C K F temps represent the same amount of heat

cant be zero

individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will act in ways to obtain them

individuals who have experienced negative events feel negative emotions which leads to negative behaviors

this lobe integrates multiple inputs of sensory information from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors)

visual info relay center in the thalamus. detects and interprets info from retina and passes it on to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

persons behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and environment 

albert bandura 

- a skeptic does not believe in supernatural of medium but attend multiple seances where they may see evidence that could soften their views. The behavior of attending the seances in conjunction with the social environment of others who attend the seances cause the skeptics views to shift

perceived social pressure to engage or to not engage in a behavior

enforcement of conformity

action by peer or group of peers meant to make a behavior more normative. Involving shame or ridicule which is punishment

official punishment for a behavior

type of sanction in which you would be given a medal

people will help family even if it costs them

help people with the intent that they will help you in the future

more likely to help people you feel empathy for

small group within a culture that challenges and rejects the norms and values of the majority

physical objects representing and culture''

beliefs held by culture

patterns or traits shared around the world

intense sexual arousal to atypical objects situations or individuals

psychosis arising from advanced stage of syphilis in which disease attacks brain cells also known as paralytic dementia

acute episode of delirium from alcohol withdrawal

is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time.

put forth treatments or protocols intended to affect measurements

used to predict scores from independent variables

calculated to compare the association between two variables

humans have innate language acquisition device

role of people and interactions in language acquisition

happy sad fear anger disgust surprise

variables that may impact the dependent variable more together than alone

a mental shortcut that allows people to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently, in which current emotion—fear, pleasure, surprise, etc.—influences decisions.

is a cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered when making decisions. During decision making, occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments.

increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one the original learning took place

motive that appears to be innate but causes increased stimulation such as curiosity - not needed for survival

sub-type of conformity pressure. It occurs when the individual conforms his opinion/ behavior to match the rest of the group because he believes they are better informed

sub-type of conformity in which individual knows that others are incorrect but still feels pressure not to dissent from the group

refers to a specific class of errors people tend to make in highly automated decision making contexts (computer)

tendency to rely too heavily on ones own perspective and or have a higher opinion of ones self than reality

type of bias in which people react to a choice depending on the different ways in which it is presented

validity about the ways the experiment applies to environment

according to this theory individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it

people with this condition have difficulty connecting meaning to language

exerts control by appealing to other's desire to belong to group

this type of power motivates through knowledge of subject matter

current memory can interfere with ability to learn new memory

later learning interferes with ability to remember past learned

making up memories to fill in the gaps and then believing those memories

dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way

person persuaded by others to behave in a way that is contrary to their attitudes

persons tendency to attribute value to a outcome which they put effort into greater than the objective value

choose one thing but dissonance cuz other option is liked

this type of research uses tests or questionares to produce numerical scores that can be evaluated statistically

type of research used to gather in depth information about a specific research question and often involves the use of focus groups or small samples to better understand the phenomenon

observable - overt
unobservable - covert

describes a person who is in the midst of an identity crisis considering changing their identity and actively seeking alternative identities

this theory posits that patterns of behavior in society reflect the choices made by individuals as they try to maximize benefits and minimize loss

this part of the brainstem nuclei helps perceive and localize sound

this part of the brainstem nuclei associated with cerebellar motor learning and function

Loss of this would result in impaired startle reflex and lost ability to keep eye focus on point while head moves

equalizes pressure between the middle ear and environment

how a person perceives a situation and the associated threat as either benign positive, irrelevant, or stressful

then next comes whether they can cope with it

phenomenon where patient believes common elements like song lyrics are directed at them

theory in which very young children, even infants, model actions and behaviors as they see them

put these in order in terms of light from eye to brain

thalamus, optic nerve, retina, rods/cones, visual cortex

this is how you decrease standard deviation and variance

scale used to assess sexuality in which 0 would be exclusively heterosexual and 6 would be exclusively homosexual

when a condition becomes defined as a treatable affliction

social institution of family that legally requires physicians to report suspect child and elderly abuse

merkel's discs- deep pressure and texture

stretch- ruffini endings 

light touch- meissner corpuscles

deep pressure and vibration- pacinian corpuscles

is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst

interquartile range represents the middle 50%

infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces.

any change in demographics of a population over time . can be any demographic category such as age immigration rates and socioeconomic status between genders

social action is the effect a group has on an individuals behavior while social interaction is how two or more individuals influence EACH OTHERS behaviors 

bystander effect is a social action (genovese syndrome)

when two similar but distinct stimuli produce different responses

Feasibility Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant

ceremony that involves objects symbolism and behavior

schizoid - pervasive pattern of social detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotions

schizotypal- eccentric odd thinking with magic and powers and extreme social anxiety 

histrionic- attention

antisocial - disregard for others

narcissistic- grandiosity 

borderline- instability of mood

dependent- need reassurance 

paranoia- suspect others

SCHIZOID DOESN'T WANT FRIENDS WHEREAS SCHIZOTYPAL DOES

this type of study focus on the subjective elements of an experience by trying to understand individuals perceptions and perspectives - often done by collecting narratives from multiple subjects regarding the same thing to make a generalization

mental processes by which we categorize and form impressions of people

Someone's self schema is a compilation of who they are now. Their self concept is who they are, who they were, and who they will be.

type of variable that only has two categories like yes or no

type of variable that has an infinite number of categories like if someone asked how many full time jobs have you had?

type of variable that allows for ranking for comparison like asking someone what degree? medical degree, bachelors degree, etc

lack of interest in goal directed behavior 

inability to feel pleasure

inability to speak

type of reinforcer

food pleasure drink

money grades tokens

involved in regulating autonomic processes in the body

In classical conditioning, discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Overgeneralization Occurs when a specific stimulus comes to be paired with similar stimuli
C: Stimulus discrimination is a process in conditioning in which the response comes to be paired with more specific stimuli.

perpetuation of social norms through socialization and social institutions- two major socializing forces are family and peers. thus if a child sees older adults and peers using tobacco they may start early and continue using into adulthood

this experiment looked at how and why people adopt majority group decision

Neutral Stimulus: The white rat
Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise
Unconditioned Response: Fear
Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat
Conditioned Response: Fear

The next time Albert was exposed to the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. Naturally, the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise. After repeatedly pairing the white rat with the loud noise, Albert began to cry simply after seeing the rat.

prison roles experiment

defensive process in which anxiety-inducing impulses are minimized by displaying outwardly the opposite thought feeling or tendency

eight symptoms of GROUPTHINK

people make concious choice to maximize pleasure outcomes and minimize unpleasant outcomes

Higher expectations of ones self leads to increased performance


Higher expectations from others lead to increased performance