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The speed of an action potential increases with:
the axon's diameter
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In vertebrates, axons are insulated by a ________, which causes an action potential’s speed to increase
myelin sheath,
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Action potentials are formed only at _________, gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated Na+ channels are found
nodes of Ranvier
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Action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier in a process called ________
saltatory conduction
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Neurotransmitters can be _______ or _________
excitatory, inhibitory
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Opening of ligand-gated ion channels by neurotransmitters
- results in a:
- postsynaptic potential
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A single excitatory postsynaptic potential is or is not sufficient to trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron?
is not
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If two EPSPs are produced in rapid succession, an effect called ________ occurs
temporal summation
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In _______, EPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron add together.
spatial summation
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The combination of EPSPs through spatial and temporal summation can trigger:
an action potential
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There are five major classes of neurotransmitters:
acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, and gases
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Describe Acetylcholine:
- a common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates
- involved in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning
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Describe Biogenetic Amines
- neurotransmitters derived from amino acids
- ex. serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepineohrine
- affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and memory
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