short answer

• Ribose sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base

Dynein arms serve to change conformation in response to the hydrolysis of ATP such that they cause microtubules in the flagella to slide past each other and cause the flagella to move

Light energy is absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules in light harvesting complexes of photosystems. That energy s transferred among other chlorophyll molecules until it is used to excite electrons derived from splitting water. The excited electrons are passed along proteins in the e-transport chain; eventually the energy is used to reduce NADP+ and NADPH

It is needed in photosynthesis to generate additional ATP, since more ATP than NADPH is needed in the Calvin cycle

• Phagocytosis involves an active pushing-out of the plasma membrane via the use of cytoskeletal fibers and motor proteins to surround and engulf large particles. 
• Pinocytosis involves an invagination of the plasma membrane in order to non-selectively trap small particles and molecules in the fluid around the cell.
• Membrane-mediated endocytosis is similar to pinocytosis, except that receptors on the plasma membrane selectively bind specific molecules

• Non-competitive inhibition slows enzymatic action by changing the shape of the enzyme
• competitive inhibition slows enzymatic action by the inhibitor blocking the regular substrate from accessing the active site.

When Fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate becomes Glyceraldehyde

• A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of enzymatic events where kinase enzymes activate other ones by phosphorylating them
• This allows small amounts of signal to become effective quickly, ultimately activating enzymes/proteins that carry out a specific cellular function