Nutrition flaschards chapter 13

Definition:the withdrawal of blood from the body.

Definition:the iron storage protein.

toxicity from excess iron

Definition:the iron transport protein.

Definition:essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively small amounts (less than 100 milligrams per day); sometimes called microminerals.

Definition:the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that is needed for the transport of oxygen and the metabolism of energy nutrients.

Definition:a small, inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme.

Definition:the globular protein of the red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body; hemoglobin accounts for 80 percent of the body’s iron.

Definition:the oxygen-holding protein of the muscle cells. • myo = muscle

Definition:the iron in foods that is bound to the hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins; found only in meat, fish, and poultry.

Definition:the iron in foods that is not bound to proteins; found in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods.

Definition:a peptide released during the digestion of meat, fish, and poultry that enhances nonheme iron absorption.

Definition:an iron-storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload.

Definition:a hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance

Definition:the state of having depleted iron stores.

Definition:severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anemia is a microcytic (my-cro-SIT-ic) hypochromic (high-po-KROME-ic) anemia. • micro = small • cytic = cell • hypo = too little • chrom = color

Definition:a precursor to hemoglobin.

Definition:the percentage of total blood volume that consists of red blood cells.

Definition:a craving for and consumption of nonfood substances. Pica is known as geophagia (gee-oh-FAY-gee-uh) when referring to eating clay, baby powder, chalk, ash, ceramics, paper, paint chips, or charcoal; pagophagia (pag-oh-FAY-gee-uh) when referring to eating large quantities of ice; and amylophagia (AM-ee-low-FAY-gee-ah) when referring to eating uncooked starch (flour, laundry starch, or raw rice).

Definition:a genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage

chelate

Definition:iron found in foods as the result of contamination by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware, iron-containing soils, and the like.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that is part of many enzymes and a constituent of insulin.

Definition:enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures.

Definition:proteins that bind to specific sites in DNA and alter gene expression.

Definition:a sulfurrich protein that avidly binds with and transports metals such as zinc.• metallo=containing a metal • thio=containing sulfur • ein=a protein

Definition:the circulatory route from the pancreas to the small intestine and back to the pancreas.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Definition:an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or overconsumption of a goitrogen. Goiter caused by iodine deficiency is sometimes called simple goiter.

Definition:a substance that enlarges the thyroid gland and causes toxic goiter. Goitrogens occur naturally in such foods as cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, and kohlrabi.

Definition:a congenital disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that is part of an antioxidant enzyme.

Definition:the heart disease associated with selenium deficiency; named for one of the provinces of China where it was first studied. Keshan disease is characterized by heart enlargement and insufficiency; fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue that normally composes the middle layer of the walls of the heart.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that is part of many enzymes.

Definition:a genetic disorder of copper transport that creates a copper deficiency and results in mental retardation, poor muscle tone, seizures, brittle kinky hair, and failure to thrive.

Definition:a genetic disorder of copper metabolism that creates a copper toxicity and results in neurologic symptoms such as tremors, impaired speech, inappropriate behaviors, and personality changes.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that acts as a cofactor for many enzymes.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.

Definition:the stabilized form of tooth crystal, in which fluoride has replaced the hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite

Definition:discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development.

Definition:an essential trace mineral that enhances the activity of insulin.

Definition:mineral ions such as mercury and lead, so called because they are of relatively high atomic weight. Many heavy metals are poisonous.

Definition:mineral ions such as mercury and lead, so called because they are of relatively high atomic weight. Many heavy metals are poisonous.

Definition:pigments commonly found in plants and animals, some of which have vitamin A activity. The carotenoid with the greatest vitamin A activity is beta-carotene.

Definition:yellow pigments in foods; phytochemicals that may exert physiological effects on the body.

Definition:the small brown seeds of the flax plant; valued in nutrition as a source of fiber, lignans, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Definition:the small brown seeds of the flax plant; valued in nutrition as a source of fiber, lignans, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Definition:phytochemicals present in flaxseed that are converted to phytosterols by intestinal bacteria and are under study as possible anticancer agents.

Definition:a plant pigment of yellow hue; a phytochemical believed to play roles in eye functioning and health.

Definition:a pigment responsible for the red color of tomatoes and other red-hued vegetables; a phytochemical that may act as an antioxidant in the body.

Definition:nonnutrient compounds found in plants. Some phytochemicals have biological activity in the body. •phyto = plant

Definition:phytochemicals structurally similar to human estrogen that weakly mimic or modulate estrogen’s action in the body. Phytoestrogens include the isoflavones genistein, daidzein, and glycitein.

Definition:phytochemicals that have structural similarities to cholesterol and lower blood cholesterol by interfering with cholesterol absorption. Plant sterols include sterol estersand stanol esters.