misc

• veterinary feed directive
• alternative to prescription status, allows veterinary supervision.  Antimicrobials for use in feed (except coccidiostat) require this.
• Vet determines drug is needed, issues directive on multi-part form, O orders from feed supplier. Keep papers for 2y
• No abs for growth promotion
• Extralabel of APPROVED drugs in MEDICATED feed for "minor species" (not cow, horse, pig, chicken, turkey, dog, cat - so sheep, goat, ducks, etc).

• name and address of vet
• name of owner, animal
• name of drug
• directions including duration of therapy
• conditions of storage, cautions
• expiration date
• milk and meat withdrawals, even if zero

• doubling dose increases withdrawal by one half life.  10 often appropriate for meat. Use drug company's advice.  Sick animals won't clear as well. 
• FARAD - food animal residue avoidance and depletion
• milk test on farm, then done at plant.

• Extra-label use of drugs
• ONLY a vet can rx for dif species, disease, dose, route
• Legal under AMDUCA (animal medicinal drug use clarification act).  Requires veterinary client-patient relationship
• no marketed drug is specifically labeled or labelled dose doesn't work. 
• records kept for 2 (AMDUCA) or 3 (NYS) years
• can't substitute another brand even if same active ingredient. 
• Animal must be ID'd
• SIGNIFICANTLY extended withdrawal period, steps taken to make sure withdrawals are followed.
• Okay to relieve pain and suffering, not save money or improve production. 
• need extra-label label

• statement: CAUTION - federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian
• adequate instruction cannot be printed on the label
• must label with prescribing veterinarian's name and address

• Vet assumed responsibility for medical judgements, O agrees to follow advice
• vet has knowledge of animal to initiate a preliminary diagnosis (don't have to wait for culture to come back) (examine!)
• vet available for follow-up if adverse reaction or treatment failure occurs.

• regulations and penalties set by Pasteurized Milk Ordinance - PMO. 
• There are tolerance levels unless ELUD, then must be zero. 
• Milk tests at plant. Also done at farm to make sure no penalties at plant!

• urine or kidney swab test for beta lactams, sulfas, oxytet, ceftiofur, tylan. 
• If it's in the kidney, entire carcass is condemned.
• New tests for phenylbutazone, flunixin

• chloramphenicol
• diethylstibestrol (DES)
• metronidazole, dimetridazole, ipronidazole
• extralabel fluoroquinolones like enro or danofloxacin
• clenbuterol (ONLY syrup in horse)
• Enro only for pneumonia in beefle cattle, swine and dairy heifers <20mo
• gentamicin except oral in pigs
• nitrofurazone, topazone
• phenylbutazone prohibited in dairy cattle >19mo. 
• NO cephalosporins at unapproved anything. Only for SA. but some ELUD?

• okay to modify or combine FDA approved drugs  if available label won't tx. 
• NOT okay to compound from bulk sources for food animals.

ALL are by law, no matter what O says!

• permitting system based on number of animal units based on potential to cause manure
• comprehensive nutrient managment plan determines how much manure can be applied to a field - phosphorus is of greatest concern.

• fines for manure spills if lagoon fails
• fines for fish kills if manure spread on fields run into stream
• effluent from silos and compost piles must be contained and treated.

• SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION, not safety or quality of food
• National Organic Standards Board advises USDA on standards
• rules lack consistency, may seem irrational
• Lg farms have pretty much taken over the niche market
• Fields and crops and feeds must be certified (expensive!).  No fertilizers, pesticides or GMO, fungicides, herbicides, for at least 3 years.  No abx during LIFE of animal, no matter how sick! (supposed to remove from organic system. 
• no coccidiostats, no dewormers but moxidectin, fenbendazole (but offspring not organic if tx in late preg or lactation).  Fiber okay with parasiticide (90d withdrawal)
• PASTURE must be 30% of dry matter intake for 120d/year. 
• Milk replacer only in emergency
• no MARKING CRAYONS
• no tail docking
• AI but no estrus control, hormones
• vax and supplements okay, anything "natural" okay (FDA says no)

for all or the majority of any day, farm animals must not be confined for tethered in a manner that prevents lying down, standing up, turning round or completely stretching out without touching the sides - all chickens moved out.

• behind the eye
• underneath temporal line, on the bone
• at the outer edge (where the icicle attaches to the roof)
• may need partial ring block in older
• block lasts more than 1 hour
• clip hair after blocking
• BLOCK with (2)-4cc of lidocaine.  Just use 4, your aim doesn't have to be so good.

• small and large
• Quick and easy with a good block, but you have to PUSH
• Like hedge trimmers
• for calves, too large animals need a keystone.

• like hedge trimmers, guillotine.
• Takes 2 STRONG people
• for animals too big for the Barnes dehorner
• Not recommended

• lye paste
• portasol: butane, what we used, not great in cold. Get GOOD butane or will plug, burn to bone and scoop out, and Express - butane/propane mix, larger tip, better in cold
• electric dehorner: battery operated, don't have to have a plug or refill butane, good for large farms. Gets cherry red. Direct ophthalmoscope-looking. 
• roberts: antique, spreads BLV, don't use. Looks like a microphone
• Barnes: small and large.  Quick and easy with a good block, but you have to PUSH.  Like hedge trimmers
• keystone dehorner: MORE like hedge trimmers, guillotine. Takes 2 STRONG people, for animals too big for the Barnes dehorner
• flat backed saw: exactly what it sounds like. Anesthesia. 
• obstetrical wire: exactly what it sounds like.
• Callicrate bander: over time, rubberband works its way through bone and skin to kill.  Brutal. Not recommended.

• Meloxicam: extralabel. 3 15mg pills/100lbs, 12h in advance.  3d of pain relief (<$0.25)
• Lidocaine cornual block: 4mL. Keep lido or procaine warm - it seems to work better. 
• flunixin: only lasts a few hours and should be IV, not recommended

• can damage bone. 
• Pus at site indicates dead bone, just get the nickel of dead bone out and it will be fine.
• Can also damage brain, bad news.

• what we used
• butane, not great in cold.  Need GOOD butane or the tip will clog. 
• Burn all the way to the bone and then scoop the bud out.  
• Express: butane/propane mix, larger tip, better in the cold.

battery operated, don't have to have a plug or refill butane, good for large farms. Gets cherry red. Direct ophthalmoscope-looking.

antique, spreads BLV, don't use. Looks like a microphone

• Routine in beef--angus and Polled Hereford
• Polled don't produce as well (so far) in dairy.
• Polled trait is dominant. Genetic test available for homozygous
• could also genome edit (from Angus) inserted into dairy breeds, but GMO so there may be FDA regulation

• twist of hair over horn buds. 
• Burn buck kids at 3d, does at 5-7, later in Nubians and Pygmies.
• Owners do with no anesthesia.  We tranquilize and block, then use portasol and flick out the bud. Can't get enough skin with a Barnes without also getting some brain.
• DON'T leave a brown circle on the bone, don't stay too long!!!  no frontal sinus to protect brain. Must be hot enough to kill bud before cooking brain.  Can't suckle, brain damage!
• give tetanus prophylaxis!

• cornual nerve, beneath the temporal line
• infratrochlear nerve, above the rim of the orbit towards medial canthus
• dilute lidocaine and buffer with bicarb, 25g needle
• xylazine (reverse!) and meloxicam.

• tranquillize with 3mg xylazine/100lbs IV
• local nerve blocks with 2mL 1% lidocaine (can't use too much lido!)
• clip, scrub, cut skin all the way around with a scalpel, leave a strip of skin up the middle between the horns
• saw off with obstetrical wire
• pull arteries and bandage for a few days.

• horn regrowth after disbudding
• common in bucks and intersex if done too late

polled gene is dominant, so homozygous PP polled doe is intersex, and buck get sperm granulomas

• just choose a different breed!
• select for rams where horns don't grow back into skull
• Jacob and Navajo Churro are polycerate (many-horned)

• possible after dehorning at >6mo (ONLY in winter because flies).
• OPEN frontal sinus, but infection rare
• Maxillary sinusitis can happen from dental disease (rare)
• HAVE to drill in from outside to drain

• for restraint of bulls
• to prevent sucking on other heifers (crown weaning rings, weaner for beef calves (plastic snap on)
• if pull out, immediate surgical repair, rest 6mo.