-
CHEMICAL WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) PROHIBITS
- Development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention or transfer of chemical weapons.
- Use of chemical weapons
- Engagement in Military preparations to use weapons
-
CHEMICAL WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) ALLOWS
- Research & development for industrial, agricultural, medical or pharmaceutical activity
- Defensive research related to the protection against chemical weapons
- Agents used for riot control purposes (Riot Control Agents – RCA)
-
NUCLEAR WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) PROHIBITS
Use or threat to use nuclear weapons
Military or other preparations to use weapons
Development, testing, production, acquisition, deployment, stockpiling, retention or transfer of weapons, components, and delivery vehicles
Nuclear weapons research
-
NUCLEAR WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) ALLOWS
- Disarmament research.
- No more than 1000 warheads in each of the stockpiles of Russia and the U.S.; no more than 100 warheads in each of the stockpiles of China, France, and the United Kingdom
-
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) PROHIBITS
- Offensive research
- Stockpiling agents
- Development of weapons systems
- Use under any conditions
-
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE (U.S. POLICY) ALLOWS
- Defensive research
- Stockpiling of Antidotes
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WHAT IS AN AEROSOL?
Finely divided particles of liquids or solids that are suspended in air, and which behave as a gas.
-
WHAT DOES PERCUTANEOUS MEAN?
Can be absorbed through unbroken skin or can injure the skin directly.
-
WHAT IS VOLATILITY?
Measure of how readily an agent evaporates
-
WHAT DOES COMMUNICABILITY MEAN?
Ability of a pathogen to be transferred from one individual to another within a target population.
-
The period of time required for the pathogens to establish themselves in the body of the host and to produce disease symptoms is know as what?
INCUBATION PERIOD
-
A characterization of the length of time an agent released into the environment can retain it’s ability to cause injury or illness.
PERSISTENCY
-
Ability of infectious agents to permeate (penetrate) and remain present throughout due to their size.
PERVASIVENESS
-
The relative ability of infectious agents to produce disease
VIRULENCE
-
The separation of potentially exposed group in order to limit the area of exposure of an infectious agent.
QUARANTINE
-
An impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body or one of its parts that interrupts or modifies the performance of the vital functions
DISEASE
-
A microorganism which is capable of producing disease.
INFECTIOUS AGENT (PATHOGEN)
-
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?
- LOW AGENT CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED
- DELAYED EFFECTS
- PERVASIVE
- DIFFICULT TO DETECT
- EASY TO PRODUCE
- DOES NOT DESTROY MATERIAL
- HIGHLY WEATHER DEPENDENT
-
WHAT ARE THE WEATHER EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?
- SUNLIGHT = DEATH (UV)
- TEMPERATURE > 170°F GENERALLY KILLS
- HUMIDITY NEEDED FOR LONGER LIFE
- WIND AFFECTS DISPERSAL
- RAIN WASHES AGENTS OUT
-
WHAT IS THE DOWNWIND HAZARD AREA FOR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?
150NM
-
WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS?
- Aerosol Spray
- Direct Contact
- Food and Water
- Vectors
-
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS?
- BACTERIA
- RICKETTSIAE
- VIRUSES
- FUNGI
- PROTOZOA
- PRIONS
- RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT ONLY BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ARE KNOWN POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (BWA)
-
The most militarily significant of the infectious agents.
Molecule of genetic material (non-living) Extremely small. Can pass through our filters
Responsible for 60% of all infectious diseases including:
Ebola
Monkey Pox
Rift Valley Virus
Yellow Fever
Small Pox
VIRUSES
-
The least militarily significant of the infectious agents.
Primarily used to destroy crops
Includes: molds / mildews / yeast
Responsible for: Wheat Rust / Potato Blight / Corn Smut
FUNGI
-
Responsible for: Tularemia / Plague / Anthrax / Cholera
Dissemination method:
Aerosol Spray / Direct Contact / Food and Water / Vectors
BACTERIA
-
Disseminated by:
Tick/fly bites (vectors)
Contaminated Water (covert ops)
Inhalation (aerosol spray)
TULAREMIA
-
Found in rodents and their fleas
Pneumonic (inhalational) form: greatest BWA potential (communicable)
Bubonic form spread by vectors
PLAGUE
-
Incubation period 1-7 days
Duration of disease 1-5 days
Kill rate 10-100%
Anthrax
-
Most common naturally occurring (bacteria found in soil)
Spores enter through a break in the skin
CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
-
Initial signs are nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, and fever & chills — followed by severe abdominal pain & swelling, vomiting blood, and severe diarrhea.
GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
-
Initial symptoms may develop in 1-6 days, and resemble the common cold or flu: sore throat, mild fever, muscle aches, & shortness of breath
INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX
-
Single celled parasites
require a living host
extremely small (0.3 - 0.5 microns)
Transmitted by ticks (vectors)
Responsible for:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Typhus
RICKETTSIAE
-
Spread by ticks (vectors)
Originally known as “black measles”
3-5% cases still fatal
Symptoms (2-14 days):
Fever / Headache / Abdominal pain/vomiting
Can be treated with antibiotics
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
-
Since 10,000 B.C.
Last naturally occurring case was in 1977
Disseminated by:
Direct Contact
Aerosol spray
Vaccine available
Symptoms 12 to 14 days after exposure
Survivors are permanently scarred
No treatment after symptoms are exposed
Vaccination 3 to 7 days after exposure offers protection
SMALLPOX
-
1976:
first outbreak of Ebola
caused 431 deaths in Zaire and Sudan
Disseminated by:
Direct Contact
Aerosol spray
No cure or anti-virus
Mortality rate up to 89%
Those who survive for 2 weeks often make a slow recovery
EBOLA
-
Single cell organisms
Have motile ability
Larger than bacteria
Live in most habitats
Strategic application:
Food
Water
Responsible for:
Amebic Dysentery
Malaria
PROTOZOA
-
Identified in 1980’s
Composed of misformed proteins
No known therapies
Resistant to heat and chemicals
Characterized by loss of motor skills, dementia, paralysis, wasting and eventual death
Responsible for:
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (Mad Cow Disease)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Gerstmann-Strussler-Schienker Syndrome (GSS)
PRIONS
-
INFECTIOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS DEFENSE
- Active Defense
- Requires accurate intelligence
- Avoid possible attack areas
- Pre-emptive strike
- Passive Defense
- Before the attack
- During the attack
- After the attack
-
WHAT DOES THE DCA DO BEFORE THE ATTACK?
DCA works with the XO
- Personal hygiene
- Area sanitation
- DCA works with XO and Medical
- Immunizations up to date
- Vaccines/antidotes not expired
TRAINING!!!
-
WHAT ACTIONS DO PERSONNEL TAKE DURING THE ATTACK?
- Don Individual Protection
- MCU-2/P Mask
- JSLIST (Joint Service Light Weight Integrated Suit Technology) and CBR IPE
- Shipboard Protective Measures
- Avoidance:
- Circle William
- Counter Measure Washdown System (CMWD)
- Collective Protective System (CPS)
-
WHAT ACTIONS ARE TAKEN AFTER AN ATTACK?
Decontaminate Personnel (showers)
- Decontaminate the Ship
- HTH primary
- Soap & water secondary
- Decontaminate Food
- Prepared (discard)
- Unopened (if possible)
Decontaminate Water
Quarantine Potentially Exposed Personnel
-
Non living organisms. Chemical compounds of biological origin that may be lethal, when inhaled or ingested, or incapacitating on skin contact…by-products of living organisms, or their lab-produced synthetic equivalents.
POISON
-
The amount of biological or chemical agent administered (or received) per body weight, in a given period of time.
DOSE
-
A minimum number of organisms (pathogens) required to produce infection in a human host.
INFECTIVE DOSE
-
Dose at which a “normal person” is expected to die.
LD50 – Median Lethal Dose. Dose at which 50 % of exposed, unprotected personnel are expected to die.
LD100 – Dose at which 100 % of exposed, unprotected personnel are expected to die.
LETHAL DOSE
-
WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TOXINS?
- Deadlier than Chemical Nerve Agents
- Up to 100 times
- Variable Persistency:
- Short or long
- Easy to produce
- Stable
- Long term storage
- Dual use equipment
- Production
- Dissemination
-
WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF DISSEMINATION FOR BIOLOGICAL TOXINS?
- Aerosol Spray
- Line Source
- Munitions
- Point Source
- Multiple Point Source
-
WHAT ARE THE EMPLOYMENT ADVANTAGES OF BIO TOXINS?
- Smaller Payloads Required
- (deadlier than nerve agents)
- Greater Area Coverage
- (downwind hazard = 150nm)
- Limited Detection Capability
- Little or No Medical Protection
-
BIOLOGICAL GROUPING BY SOURCE
- BACTERIAL TOXINS
- -Exotoxin (secreted by bacteria)
- -Endotoxin (within bacteria cell)
- ANIMAL TOXINS (VENOMS)
- -Spiders, Frogs, Snakes
- -Marine Dinoflagellates (shellfish, mollusks)
PLANT TOXINS
-
Affect the Central Nervous System and interfere with transmission of nerve impulses
–Examples: Botulinum Toxin, Tetanus Toxin and Saxitoxin
NEURTOXINS
-
Cause cellular destruction or interfere with metabolic processes.
Necrotoxins & Hemotoxins
Example: Ricin Toxin
CYTOXINS
-
Attack the intestinal tract.
Example: Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) (the cause of most food poisoning)
ENTEROTOXINS
-
Alter cell membrane structure and function.
Only toxin posing a percutaneous hazard
Act similar to chemical blister agent
Limited to tricothecene mycotoxins . Example: 12 toxin
DERMATOXINS
-
WHAT MEDICAL TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR BIO TOXINS?
- Palliative (Supportive) Treatment
- Treat symptoms shock / fever
- Ignores cause
- Intensive Treatment (ICU)
- Artificially maintain critical organ functions
- cardiac / respiratory
- Death is imminent
- Antitoxins
If available and identified
-
Neurotoxin
White powder or clear crystal
Most lethal toxin known to man
Rate of Action
Ingested: 12-72 hrs; Inhaled: 3-6 hrs
Symptoms (appear > 6 hours to two weeks)
Muscle weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fever, double/blurred vision, droopy eyelids, dry mouth
Death Rate >60% (from respiratory failure)
Anti-toxin available from CDC
Vaccine available
Stability/ Persistency
open air: 12 hrs; water: 1 week
BOTOX
-
Cytotoxin (< 1 mg lethal dose)
Rate of Action
Ingested 45 min
Inhaled 6-10 hrs
Symptoms/Effects of Exposure
cramps, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, low blood pressure
Death Rate > 60%
Prevents cells from making proteins
victims last 3-12 days or recover
RICIN TOXIN
-
WHAT ARE THE FOUR METHODS OF DETECTING BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (BWA)?
- Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS)
- Dry Filter Unit (DFU) with Hand Held Assays (HHAs)
- Biological Response Kit (BRK) with HHA
- Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic Systems (JBAIDS)
-
WHAT TYPE OF IDENTIFICATION DOES THE DFU / BRK & HHA PROVIDE?
PRESUMPTIVE ID
-
WHAT KIND OF ID DOES JOINT BIOLOGICAL AGENT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM(JBAIDS) PROVIDE?
FOUND ON CVN, LHD, LHA OR SHORE SITE
CONFIRMATORY
-
WHAT TYPE OF ID DOES BIO DEFENSE RESEARCH DIRECTORATE PROVIDE?
US ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (ARIID)
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC)
DEFINITIVE ID
-
_____ is the first fully automated rapid detection and warning system that provides joint U.S. services with the capability to operate and survive in a Biological Warfare Agent (BWA) threat environment.
- JOINT BIOLOGICAL POINT DETECTION SYSTEM
- (JBPDS)
-
WHEN DO ALL SHIPS USE THE DFU?
- Quarterdeck Area in Foreign Port & During Transit of Straits/Rivers
- Flight Deck or Helo Hangar in Foreign Port or while at Sea
- Mail Room while Overseas
- Decon Stations
- CPS Fan Rooms
- Amphibious Ships:
- Troop Passageways & Well Deck Areas during Marine & Material On-load
-
HOW LONG DO YOU HAVE TO WAIT BEFORE YOU START SURVEILLANCE / SAMPLING WITH THE DFU?
- Allow a minimum 15 minute run time before testing
- 15 minutes – 12 hours: Collect sample at 12 hour mark from DFU filters
- 2 min: Allow for sample prep using DFU Kit
- 15 min: Presumptive Identification using HHA’s
- Transport sample to LAB: Confirmatory Sample
-
CAN THE DFU ACHIEVE PRESUMPTIVE ID?
NO! The DFU alone can not achieve a Presumptive ID!!! IT NEEDS THE HHA
-
HOW LONG WILL THE HHA LAST IF REFRIGERATED?
Refrigerated (39°F/4°C): Will last three years from date on packaging
-
WHO IS ON THE BIOLOGICAL DETECTION SAMPLING TEAM?
1 Sampler (Lead)
1 Assistant
1 Boundaryman/Packager
-
WHAT IS THE PPE USED FOR INDIVIDUAL? SHIP? DECONTAMINATION?
- Individual
- MCU-2/P Mask
- JSLIST (Joint Service Light Weight Integrated Suit Technology) may not be required
- Ship
- CMWDS
- CPS
- Circle William
- Avoidance
- Decontamination
- Primary – HTH Solution
- Secondary – Soap & Water
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A man-made chemical that is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people because of their physiological effect.
CHEMICAL AGENTS
-
Decomposition of an agent by reaction with water.
HYDROLYSIS
-
The metabolic process, given sufficient time, removes some of the agents from the body.
DETOXIFICATION
-
Amount of a chemical agent vapor or aerosol present in a unit volume of air.
CONTAMINATION CONCENTRATION
-
to crush, beat or grind something into an aerosol (e.g. atomization).
MICRO-PULVERIZATION
-
A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
VISCOSITY
-
Cause either deaths or serious injuries that make personnel unavailable for a long period of time.
CASUALTY AGENT
-
Prevent personnel from performing their duties effectively for hours to days after exposure.
INCAPACITATING AGENT
-
A measure of how readily an agent evaporates.
VOLATILITY
-
Disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses and produce systemic effects.
NERVE AGENT
-
(Vesicant) Can produce both damage to body tissue in the area of contact, causing severe pain, and systemic effects.
BLISTER AGENT
-
Attack an enzyme that is important in the transfer of oxygen from the bloodstream to the cells of the body, causing cells to be starved for oxygen (anoxia).
BLOOD AGENT
-
Fills lungs with fluid, producing an oxygen deficiency (anoxia) and severe systemic effects.
CHOKING AGENT
-
Suppresses or overstimulates the central nervous system.
PSYCHOCHEMICAL AGENT
-
Synthetic products similar to chemicals released by the central nervous system in response to strong emotional stimulus.
PHYSIOCHEMICAL
-
Riot control agent causing a series of symptoms from eye irritation to vomiting.
VOMITING AGENT
-
Riot control agent which causes tears to flow and may also irritate the skin, especially moist parts of the body.
TEAR AGENT
-
WHAT ARE THE CHEMICAL AGENT CHARACTERISTICS?
- HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED
- IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
- LESS PERVASIVE
- TEMPERATURE INFLUENCES VOLATILITY
- WIND AFFECTS DISPERSAL
- RAIN PREVENTS SOME ABSORPTION
- DIFFICULT TO DETECT
- EASY TO PRODUCE
- HIGHLY WEATHER DEPENDENT
-
WHAT IS THE DOWNWIND HAZARD AREA FOR CHEMICAL AGENTS?
35NM
-
WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF DISSEMINATION FOR CHEMICAL AGENTS?
- Aerosol Spray
- Line Source
- Munitions
- Point Source
- Multiple Point Source
-
WHAT ARE THE TACTICAL GROUPINGS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS?
- CASUALTY CAUSING
- NERVE
- BLISTER
- BLOOD
- CHOKING
- INCAPACITATING
- PSYCHOCHEMICAL
- PHYSIOCHEMICAL
- CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
- RIOT CONTROL AGENTS (RCAs)
- TEAR / VOMITING
- HERBICIDES
- TRAINING
-
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF NERVE AGENTS?
- G SERIES PERSISTENT / NON-PERSISTENT: SARIN (GB) US (NON-PERSISTENT)
- SOMAN (GD) RUSSIAN (PERSISTENT)
- V SERIES PERSISTENT: VX (US) / VR-55 (TGD) RUSSIAN
-
WHAT ARE THE NERVE AGENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES?
- Variable Persistency
- Gas (minutes)
- liquid
- solid (days)
- Odorless
- Tasteless
- Percutaneous & Inhalation hazard
- Slow hydrolysis (detoxification)
- Rapidly destroyed by decontaminating agents
-
First aid for chemical nerve agent exposure
Two phases
Pre treatment
Post exposure
ONLY FOR NERVE AGENTS!!!!!!!
MEDICINALS
-
WHAT IS TAKEN DURING THE PRE-TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL AGENTS?
- Pyridostigmine Bromide (PB)
- Creates reserve of AchE
- 1 blister pack per person
- 21 tabs3 per day (every 8 hrs
-
Colorless liquid and vapor
Odorless
Slow detoxification
Rapid acting
Methods of entry
eyes
skin
nose
Protection
MCU-2P mask
JSLIST
SARIN (GB)
-
_____ is the most volatile of all nerve agents.
Symptoms appear within a few seconds after exposure of the vapor form, and within a few minutes to up to 18 hours after exposure to the liquid form.
SARIN (GB)
-
Colorless liquid and vapor
Fruity or camphor smell
Slow detoxification
Rapid acting
Methods of entry
eyes
skin
nose
Protection
MCU-2P mask
JSLIST
SOMAN (GD)
-
_____ is more volatile than VX, but less volatile than Sarin.
Primarily a liquid exposure hazard.
Symptoms appear within a few seconds after exposure of the vapor form, and within a few minutes to up to 18 hours after exposure to the liquid form.
SOMAN (GD)
-
Amber colored liquid (motor oil)
Odorless
Slow detoxification
Rapid acting
Methods of entry
eyes
skin
Protection
MCU-2P mask
JSLIST
VX
-
______ is the most lethal of all nerve agents.
______is the least volatile of all nerve agents.
Primarily a liquid exposure hazard, but if it is heated to very high temperatures, it can turn into small amounts of vapor.
Symptoms appear within a few seconds after exposure of the vapor form, and within a few minutes to up to 18 hours after exposure to the liquid form
VX
-
WHAT ARE THE MILD SYMPTOMS OF NERVE AGENT EXPOSURE?
- Sudden headache
- Reduced vision
- Unexplained runny nose
- Drooling
- Difficulty breathing
- Stomach cramps
- Nausea
- Muscular twitching
-
WHAT ARE THE SEVERE SYMPTOMS OF NERVE AGENTS?
- Strange/Confused Behavior
- Gurgling Sounds
- Pinpointed Pupils
- Red Eyes/Tears
- Vomiting
- Severe Muscle Twitching
- Involuntary Urination & Defecation
- Convulsions
- Breathing Stopped
-
WHAT MEDICINALS ARE AVAILABLE FOR POST EXPOSURE OF NERVE AGENTS?
- Atropine Sulfate (Atropine)
- 16mg per person
- 3 auto injectors (2mg each)
- Remaining 10 mg in ampoules maintained by medics
- Pralidoxime Chloride (2 pam Cl)
- 900mg per person
- 3 auto injectors 300mg each
- Diazepam (valium)
- Convulsion Antidote Nerve Agent (CANA)
- Controls nervous system convulsions
- From nerve agents
- From using all 3 atropine injectors
- 1 auto injector per person
NOT GIVEN OUT TO CREW BEFORE HAND; MEDICAL WILL ADMINISTER
-
A broad spectrum skin decontamination product personal use after exposure or suspected exposure to certain nerve agents, blister agents.
3 individually packaged sponges per pack.
Authorization is 138% SMD
1 pack per person
33% for training
REACTIVE SKIN DECONTAMINATION LOTION (RSDL)
-
WHAT ARE THE IMMEDIATE ACTIONS FOR NERVE AGENTS?
- Protect Yourself
- Stop breathing & don mask
- Remove any liquid or skin contamination (RSDL)
- Protect Others
- Sound alarm
- Mask Victim
- Identify Symptoms
- mild case in self
- severe case in others
- Treat symptoms accordingly (Buddy Aide or Self Aide)
- Self: 1 Atropine/2 pam-Cl, wait 10-15 min. Administer remaining 2 if symptoms persist
- Buddy: All 3 Atropine/2 pam-Cl
- Report locations of injured
- Move injured if time permits
- Continue with mission
-
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF BLISTER AGENTS?
- MUSTARDS (DELAYED BURNS): LEVENSTEIN (H)
- NITROGEN MUSTARD (HN3)
- ARSENICALS (BURNS IN 1-2 MIN): LEWISITE (L)
- PHENYLDICHLOROARSINE (PD)
- URTICANTS (IMMEDIATE BURNS):
- PHOSGENE OXIME (CX)
-
Cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes on contact.
Military designations are H, HD, and HT.
Mustard agents were introduced in WWI as a chemical warfare agent.
MUSTARD AGENTS
-
Very Persistent (days to weeks)
Oily liquid or dusty agent
Colorless to yellow
Smells like garlic or horseradish
Heavier than water (small droplets tend to float)
Slow hydrolysis
Neutralized by HTH
MUSTARD AGENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-
No immediate pain
Skin reddens in 4-6 hrs
Blisters form in 1-2 days
Healing takes 3-8 weeks
Lung tissue contact rare
(Dusty agents)
MUSTARD AGENTS SYMPTOMS
-
Blister Agent, Very Persistent (days to weeks)
Liquid, colorless to brown
Smells like geraniums
vapors may cause sneezing/irritation
React with water to form less toxic substances
Neutralized by HTH
ARSENICAL AGENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-
Immediate pain with eye contact
Blindness if not removed in 1 min
Pain in 10-20 sec on skin contact
Pain continues for 48-72 hrs
Deep tissue burns (blood blisters)
Bonus effects
Heavy metal poisoning
internal bleeding
PD also causes vomiting
ARSENICAL SYMPTOMS
-
Exposure to a large dose of arsenicals by any route
may result in the following additional health effects:
Loss of consciousness
Convulsions
Kidney failure
Paralysis
Respiratory failure, possibly death
ARSENICAL SYMPTOMS
-
Blister Agent, Non-persistent (the exception)
2 hrs in soil, less in water and on exposed surfaces
Solid/Liquid
colorless or crystalline
Disagreeable Odor
Violently Irritating
URTICANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-
Immediate pain at point of contact
Reactions occurs in 30 sec
Skin bleaches white and lifeless
Area turns brown within 24 hrs
Scabs form in 1 week
Healing takes 3 weeks
URTICANT SYMPTOMS
-
BLISTER AGENT IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
- Protect Yourself
- Stop breathing & don mask
- Remove any liquid (RSDL)
- Remove from eyes by flushing with water
- Protect Others
- Sound alarm
- If contaminated report to CCA
- Treatment same as conventional chemical burns
- Continue with mission
- Additional Medical Action
- Antibiotics, rest & ointments
-
BLOOD AGENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- Block oxygen transfer from blood to cell tissue
- Non-persistent
- <15min hazard duration
- Gas colorless
- Inhalation hazard only
- Degrade mask filters
- Smells like bitter almonds
-
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF BLOOD AGENTS?
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Capital Punishment
- Cyanogen Chloride
- Union Carbide
-
Colorless vapor
lighter than air
Liquid under rare conditions
floats
can be absorbed through skin
Smells like crushed peach kernels
Rapid acting
Incapacitates in 1-2 min
death within 15 min
Protection
MCU-2/P mask (degrades C2 filters)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
-
Colorless vapor
heavier than air
Liquid under rare conditions
stable in water
sinks
Highly irritating to nose and eyes
Rapid acting
Incapacitates in 1-2 min
death within 15 min
Bonus Effect
Changes to HCl (acid) in blood stream
Protection
MCU-2/P mask (degrades C2 filters)
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
-
WHAT ARE THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF BLOOD AGENTS?
- Irritation of nose, throat, eyes
- Stimulated breathing
- Headache
- Giddiness
- Dizziness
- Increased pulse rate
- Skin flushes red
- Violent convulsions occur in 20-30 sec
- Breathing ceases in 1 min
- Heart stops beating in 1-5 min
- Treatment is limited
- Protect Yourself
- Stop breathing & don mask
- Protect Others
- Sound alarm
- Buddy Aid
- Report to Decon Station upon exposure
- Additional Medical Treatment (if available)
- Assisted Ventilation, methemglobin, sodium nitrite, triphosphate, oxygen, antibiotics
- Continue with mission
-
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CHOKING AGENTS?
- Phosgene (CG)
- Diphosgene (DP)
- Chlorine (CL)
- Dimethylsulfate (D-stoff)
Choking agents cause “ Dry Land Drowning”
-
WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHOKING AGENTS?
Non-persistent
- 10-20 min hazard duration
- Gas
- Colorless
- Inhalation hazard only
- Sweet Odor
- Musty hay
- Fresh cut grass
- Fresh corn
-
WHAT ARE THE MILD EFFECTS OF CHOKING AGENTS?
- Minor exposure causes:
- Irritation of nose, throat, lungs
- Chest pains
- Tearing eyes
- Dry throat
- Nausea/vomiting
- Headache
-
WHAT ARE THE SEVERE EFFECTS OF CHOKING AGENTS?
Pulmonary Edema (“Dry land drowning”)
- Bonus effect - heart attack
- Severe exposure Causes:
- Violent convulsions
- Coma
- death
- Limited treatment options
-
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS WITH CHOKING AGENTS
- Protect Yourself
- Stop breathing & don mask
- Protect Others
- Sound alarm
- Place casualty in upright seated position
- Report to Decon Station
- Additional Medical Treatment (if available)
- Steroids (Corticosteroids), Rest, Oxygen, Antibiotics
- Continue with mission
-
WHAT ARE THE TWO INCAPACITATING AGENTS?
- Psychochemicals
- Fentanyls
- Pain Killers, LSD
- Benzodiazepine (BZ)
- Physiochemicals
-
WHAT ARE THE THREE CHEMICAL DETECTION AND ID CATEGORIES?
- STANDOFF
- POINT
- MONITORING
-
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF STANDOFF DETECTION?
Purpose: provides advanced warning
Tactical intelligence determines level of countermeasure preparation
Conserves critical manpower resources
-
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF POINT DETECTION?
- Purpose: to identify the physical arrival of chemical agents at a designated location
- Methods
- Automatic (IPDS/IPDS-LR)/Manual (M-8/M-9)
- Periodic monitoring (M-8/M-9)
-
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MONITORING?
- Purpose: To establish the presence or absence of chemical agent in vapor form in the atmosphere or in liquid form on a surface.
- Monitoring techniques used in surveys to:
- verify it is safe to remove protective masks
- during personnel decontamination
- Detectors: M-8, M-9, M256-A1/A2
-
____is a fixed-point detection system used to detect and alarm for chemical nerve, blister, and blood agent vapor hazards.
IPDS-LR
-
Detects the presence liquid nerve & blister agents (G&V Series and H&L agents) (doesn’t identify)
droplets >100microns
response time <10 sec
Chemical agent sensitive dye on paper
protective layer
adhesive coating
Carcinogenic (old)
M9 PAPER
-
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MONITORING?
Purpose: to establish the presence of liquid or vapors at designated locations, and if present to determine the extent of the actual hazard (boundaries).
Ability to differentiate and identify specific hazards.
-
6 sampler detectors
4 Low Volatility Hazard (LVH) packages
1 M8 paper booklet
Maintenance
store in cool dry place
check expiration date
Disposal guidelines
when blood test spot is pink
expiration date exceeded
HAZMAT (2.6 mg mercuric cyanide per)
Do not use for training!
M256 A2
-
Used with sampler-detector & M8 to test for LIQUID NERVE/BLISTER
Used with M9 to test for SOLID NERVE/BLISTER
Contains
Mustard Agent Heater Assembly (MAHA)
Sample Heater Assembly (SHA)Strip of Modified M9 Paper
LOW VOLATILITY HAZARD (LVH) PACKAGE
-
Detects and identifies liquid agents
Blister Agents (H & L)
Nerve (G and V series)
response time @20sec FOR LIQUID (part of the M256A1/A2)
Color change for positive identification
Booklet with 25 sheets (perforated, 50 samples)
Used for:
Surveys
(primary)
Point Detection/Monitoring
(secondary)
M8 CHEMICAL DETECTION PAPER
-
WHO IS ON THE CHEMICAL DETECTION AND SURVEY / MONITORING TEAM?
1 Team leader
2 samplers
1 Messenger/marker
-
Periodic Monitoring (Point Detection)
Prior/During attack (M8/M9, IPDS, IPDS-LR)
On-Station Monitoring
During attack (M256A1/A2/M8/M9)
Rapid Internal Survey
After attack (M256A1/A2)
Rapid External Survey
After RIS (M8/M9)
Supplemental Surveys
As required/as time permits
CHEMICAL SURVEYS
-
WHAT ATMOSPHERE WILL THE MCU2P MASK BE INEFFECTIVE?
CO, CO2, NH3, LOW O2
-
HOW MANY DAYS WILL THE MASKS BE EFFECTIVE FOR IN FRESH AIR, CW ENVIRONMENT?
- 60 DAYS IN FRESH AIR
- 30 DAYS IN CW ENVIRONMENT
-
Shelf life/Operational effectiveness
Coat/trousers packaged separately
Heat sealed
Vacuum packed
5 year shelf life (unopened in original package)
Wear Time: 45 days of use out of 120 days
Must be logged if opened ,can be washed up to six times
24 hrs of constant wear in a CW environment
Authorizations
105% of crew (i.e. 300 bags plus 15 more)
Note: Embarked staff and other embarked personnel are not included in these percentages.
JSLIST
-
CPS is a system that provides protection against CBR agents by means of fulltime CBR filtration, Total Protection Zone over pressurization of 1.5-2.5” W.G., and controlled access via air locks and pressure locks.
COLLECTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM (CPS)
-
A zone within a collective protection system that provides a toxic free environment by filtering air and maintaining an overpressure in the zone to prevent contaminants from leaking into it. Protects against liquid, solid, and gaseous CBR agents.
TOTAL PROTECTION ZONE (TP)
-
An unpressurized zone within a collective protection system that provides filtered air protecting against liquid and solid CBR agents but not agents in vapor form.
LIMITED PROTECTION ZONE (LP)
-
Certain compartments within a TP pressure zone (PZ) that are required to be opened to the weather during normal ship operation. These selected compartments can be isolated from the PZ by manipulation of closures in the distribution supply and exhaust ductwork. The compartments to which these requirements apply are considered to be provided with conditional protection.
CONDITIONAL PROTECTION
-
a special class of subdivision. Fire zones are physical boundaries designed to retard the passage of smoke and the spread of fire.
FIRE ZONE (FZ)
-
Small controlled chambers with a quick acting watertight (QAWT) door on either end situated at zone boundaries that allows personnel to transit into or out of the zone without reducing zone pressure.
AIR LOCK
-
Unlike an air lock, a pressure lock does not have air sweep fittings for purging contaminated air. Therefore, is only used to provide access to and from a TP zone to other areas of the ship in an uncontaminated environment.
PRESSURE LOCK
-
Contains both a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter and a Gas Absorber Filter. The CBR HEPA filter is a two stage, pleated-medium filter for removing solid and aerosol CBR contaminants and has a rated flow capacity of 200 cubic feet per minute (CFM). The gas absorber filter consists of activated charcoal for removing chemical warfare agents.
TP CBR FILTER SET
-
An LP HEPA filter is used to remove fine particulates and aerosol CBR contaminants from the air supply in an LP zone and each filter has a rated flow capacity of 1500-2000 CFM
LP HEPA FILTER
-
WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES OF SHIPBOARD CPS?
- TOXIC FREE ENVIRONMENT
- CPS generates pressurized toxic free spaces
- TOTAL PROTECTION VS LIQUID, SOLID AND GASEOUS CBR AGENTS
- Collective Protection System (CPS) – provides filtered air to designated zones to protect personnel against Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) contamination onboard ship.
- PERSONNEL SAFE W/O PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR MASKS
- Personnel in these protected spaces do not need to wear cumbersome gas masks or protective clothing, allowing little or no degradation in mission accomplishment
-
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PROTECTION?
- Total Protection
- Protection from Solid, Liquid & Gas
- HEPA & Gas Filters
- Airlocks and Pressure locks
- Operational/Habitable Spaces
- Limited Protection (MASK REQ’D)
- Protection from Solid & Liquid ONLY
- HEPA Filters ONLY
- Primarily Engineering Spaces
-
WHAT IS THE SHELF LIFE FOR THE M98 CPS TP CBR FILTER SET?
- Air flows from inside to outside
- Bag Pre-filter (Socks)
- HEPA Filter
- Gas Filter
- 200 CFM per set
- FILTER LIFE 4 YEARS FOR All CPS TP CBR FILTERS. (IAW R 210504Z SEP 12 ZYB: IN-SERVICE ENGINEERING (ISE) ADVISORY 024-12. CPS FILTER SERVICE/LIFE EXTENSION FROM 3 YEARS TO 4 YEARS
-
Prevent loss of pressurization during transit of TP zone boundaries.
TWO MIN PURGE TIME IN CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENT
CPS AIR LOCKS
-
Type I Airlock:
TP Zone to Weather
Type II Airlock:
TP Zone to unpressurized space or LP Zone
Type III Airlock:
TP Zone to TP Zone
CPS AIR LOCKS
-
NOT PRESSURIZED
SOLID OR LIQUID PROTECTION ONLY
WEAR MASKS DURING CBR ATTACK
JSLIST NOT REQUIRED UNLESS HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF PERCUTANEOUS VAPORS
DDG 51-78 & AOE ONLY
LIMITED PROTECTION ZONE
-
A liquid chemical hazard area or a biological infectious hazard area for removal of contaminated individual protective equipment or outer garments and preparation of personnel for processing through a conventional decontamination station.
CONTAMINATION CONTROL AREA (CCA)
-
The deposition on and absorption of biological or chemical agents by shipboard structures, areas, personnel, or equipment; the presence of chemical or biological agents in the air in the form of vapors (chemical) or aerosols (chemical or biological).
CONTAMINATION
-
The process of making any person, equipment, or structure safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, making harmless, or removing any chemical or biological agent.
DECONTAMINATION
-
The standard shipboard dectontaminant for chemical and biological agents. Also known as High Test Hypochlorite (HTH).
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE (CA(CIO)2
-
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE DECON STATION?
- Provides a predetermined entrance into the uncontaminated interior of the ship
- Provides a means for personnel decontamination
- Prevents the spread of contamination throughout the ship
-
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF DECON STATIONS?
- Conventional Decontamination Station
- Collective Protection System (CPS) Decontamination Station
- Casualty Decontamination Station
-
DECON STATION MANNING REQUIREMENTS
1 each - TEAM LEADER
1 to 2 each - CUTTERS
1 each - MEDICAL department representative
1 each - MONITOR
-
WHAT ARE THE % OF HTH SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS USED FOR CLEANING?
- 9% HTH Solution
- Boot wash
- Scissors wash
- Mask Lens wash
- Decon Station wash
- Spot Decon
- .5% HTH Solution
- Used by medical for wound skin wash
-
WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS TAKING PLACE DURING GROSS PERSONNEL DECON?
- Gross Personnel Decontamination
- Equipment Drop Area located outside of CCA
- Removal of load bearing equipment, test gear, rain gear, auto injectors, etc.
- Decon of mask
- use RSDL
- Decon of gloves, boots
- boot wash w/ 9% HTH prior to entry
-
HOW LONG CAN THE REACTIVE SKIN DECON LOTION (RSDL) BE KEPT IN STORAGE?
- STORAGE
- 60 MONTH Shelf Life @ 59° F to 86° F
- 24 MONTH Operation Shelf Life < 120° FTemperatures above 120° F will cause RSDL to lose potency. effected packets need to be used or disposed of within 24 weeks after exposure
-
PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
- GDA – Gross Decon Area
- CCA/OCUA - Removal of protective clothing
- Position 1 – JSLIST Overgarment
- Position 2 - Trousers and overboots
- Doffee sits on bench for boot removal
- Position 3 – Gloves / exit to Decon station
- Decontamination Station
- Position 4 - Removal of inner clothing (If pullover shirt is worn medical Rep will cut shirt off)
- Position 5 - Thorough shower
- Dressing Area
- Position 6 - Doffing of mask if all clear
- Check by medical personnel
- Issue clothing
- Contamination Purge Lock for CPS Decon
-
EMERGENCY PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION
- In case of direct skin contact, prioritize by type of agent:
- Nerve/Blister agent: skin hazard - immediate action (M-291 or RSDL)
- Blood/choking agent: non-skin hazard - immediate action not required
- Tear/riot control: unique situation -special procedures
-
-
INNER CLOTHING UNDRESSING AREA
-
-
-
CASUALTY DECON STATION MANNING REQUIREMENTS
1 each – Triage Officer
2 each – Corpsman
3 each – Decon Personnel
8 each – Cutters
2 each – Senior Corpsman
1 each – Non-medical Assistant
-
US Policies
–Biological Warfare - No Use
–Chemical Warfare - No Use
–Nuclear Warfare - Maintain first strike option
US Naval forces must:
–survive the first strike
–sustain warfighting capability
CBRN DEFENSE
-
EARLY WARNING
- Intelligence Reports
- NBC Warning & Reporting System
- Remote Chemical/Biological Detection
- Sources
- National Security Agency
- Navy Maritime Intelligence Center
- Other DOD Intelligence sources
- Internet and TV news sources
- Propaganda or fact?
- Purpose of Information
- Threat analysis
- MOPP analysis
- Determine best course of action
-
AVOIDANCE
- Best Possible Solution
- Relies on good intelligence
- enemy intent
- enemy weapons systems
- early attack indicators
-
AVOIDANCE Vulnerability
- Ships are most vulnerable during:
- Port operations
- Chokepoint Transits
- Amphibious operations
- Minesweeping/mineclearing
- Littoral operations
-
PROTECTION
- Ship Protection
- Countermeasure Washdown (CMWD)
- Ventilation Management
- Collective Protection
- Mission Oriented Protective Posture
- Individual Protection
- MCU-2/P Mask
- JSLIST
- Medical antidotes
-
PROTECTION CMWD
- First line of defense
- Removal of chemical agents
- liquid (up to 95% effective)
- some vapors
- Removal of biological agents
- wet
- dry
- Best used prior to and during attackNSTM-470 appendix F (CHAG)
-
PROTECTION VENTILATION MANAGEMENT
- Before attack:
- Set Circle William
- After the attack:
- Leave contaminated area!
- Test Intakes
- Operational Decon (as necessary)
- Relax Circle William
- Purge Ship - “Rule of 6”
- 6 complete air changes of all compartments in zone will remove approximately 99.9 % of toxic vapor or aerosol
- Retest with M256A1/A2 (twice!)
- If all clear - Unmasking Procedures
-
PROTECTION CPS
- Purpose:
- Provides a toxic free environment within the ship so that in a contaminated atmosphere personnel can function inside the protected areas of the ship without IPE.
- Zone Types
- Total Protection (TP)
- Limited Protection (LP)
-
MISSION ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTURE (MOPP)
- MOPP = Mission Oriented Protective Posture
- Definition
- A management tool for coordinating the effects of individual and collective protection, and shipboard systems as a timely and effective countermeasure against the entire spectrum of the CBR threat.
- 5 Levels of protection based on the threat
-
MOPP 0: NO MOPP
1.Inspect, size, fit and issue IPE (to include mask, unopened canisters, suit, gloves, boots, canteen, belt, and skin decon kit) to all personnel. (Do not yet install new canister on mask. Retain training canister.)
IPE bags/MCU-2/P are maintained in chemical warfare storerooms
-
MOPP 1: SUSPECTED THREAT
- IPE available and medical supply items are issued
- shipboard personnel
- maintained at respective battle stations
- protective masks are fitted for immediate use
- Inventory equipment and supplies
- Conduct operational inspection of portable and installed detection and monitoring systems
- Conduct an operational inspection of the CPS (if installed)
- Set Condition III and material condition Yoke
-
MOPP 2: POSSIBLE THREAT
- Protective mask is in carrier and worn on person.
- Pre-position detection and monitoring equipment (CBRD Bill), decontamination supplies in decon stations and at repair lockers
- Set material condition modified ZEBRA.
- CPS zones pressurized and airlocks are properly utilized.
- Activate/monitor detection and sampling equipment (if not already activated).
-
MOPP 3: PROBABLE THREAT
- Go to general quarters (readiness Condition II may be set at CO’s discretion); set material condition ZEBRA.
- Install new C2 filter canisters on protective masks
- Maintain mask in carrier and on person
- provide wet weather gear
- don overgarment trousers and coat with hood down
- don protective overboots
- stow personnel decontamination kit in mask carrier
- stow chemical protective glove set and medical supply items in pocket on overgarment coat
- initiate pyridostigmine pretreatment regimen.
- Fill pre-positioned canteens with potable water.
- Activate decontamination stations and Contamination Control Areas (CCAs) and assure operability; post detection and monitoring teams.
- Post and monitor detection equipment and materials as designated by the ship’s CBR Defense Bill.
- Activate countermeasures washdown system intermittently.
-
MOPP 4: IMMINENT THREAT
- Don protective mask and secure hood over head and around mask; don chemical protective glove set.
- Direct ship to general quarters (if not previously in effect).
- Set Circle WILLIAM.
- Activate countermeasures washdown system to operate continuously.
-
MOPP Reduction
- Verification with detection equipment
- Decon/Purge
- Unmasking w/ or w/o an M256A1/A2 Kit
- If all clear:
–Only CO can authorize
-
PROTECTION Individual - Mask Only Posture
Mask-only Posture can be used on:
- –Non-CPS ships
- CO can authorize if;
–1st - no liquid contamination present
–2nd - No blister vapors present
- –CPS ships
- Be precautious of hull penetrations
-
DECONTAMINATION
- Key to restoring operations
- Shipboard (4 levels)
- Personnel and Patient
- Individual Decon and Aid
- Limited Operational
- Reduces spread of contamination
- Mission essential areas
- No reduction of MOPP
- Operationally Complete
- Can reduce MOPP. Highest level achieved by S/F
- Chemically Complete
- Conducted at Shipyard
- Personnel
- emergency (M291/RSDL)
- Gross Decon (decon station)
-
TREATMENT
- Three Phases
- Triage
- Medical determines care priority
- Decontamination
- DCA designates area and manages
- Medical supervises and performs with S/F assistance
- Treatment
- Medical performs
- Logistics
- Additional:
- litters
- bandages
- clothing
- Personnel
- Contaminated Dead
-
The DCA is responsible for maintaining the CBRD Bill under direction from the Engineering Officer (RPM CHAPTER 7!)
NTTP 3-20.31, Surface Ship Survivability, Appendix B
Provides a sample outline of the CBRD Bill
All enclosures are ship specific but do not apply to all ships
CBRB BILL
-
DCA CBRD RESPONSIBILITIES
- Advise the CO on matters concerning CBRD
- Supervise CBRD Training
- Propose suitable battle problems to evaluate the crew
- Be responsible for the custody and issuance of all CBRD equipment not maintained by other departments
- Designate and ensure decon stations are equipped
- Supervise training of DCTT in combat of a CBR casualty
- Maintain stock of personnel detection and decon equipment
- Log issuance of personnel dosimeters
- CBR efforts shall not impair efforts to control immediate hazards of major damage, fire or flood.
- Establish CBRD coordination with embarked units
-
Provide the groups of Infectious Agents:
- Bacteria
- Rickettsiae
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Prions
-
What are the methods of pathogen transmission?:
̶vectors, direct contact, aerosol spray, food & water
-
Provide some general characteristics of pathogens. Would this make them suitable for use in a “tactical” environment?:
- Unstable in most environments
- Cheap to make
- Fairly difficult to weaponize effectively
- Can carry up to 150 nm downwind
- Highly weather dependent
- High temperature (>170° F) will kill
- UV rays will destroy
-
Group Biological Toxins by Source
- Mycotoxin (fungi)
- Bacterial Toxin (endotoxin/exotoxin)
- Algal Toxin (algal bloom)
- Animal Toxin (rattlesnakes, dart frogs, etc.)
- Plant Toxin (curare, poison ivy)
-
Group Biological Toxins by physiological effects:
- Neurotoxin (Systemic Central Nervous System Effects, Botulinum Toxin)
- Cytotoxin (Cell Destruction, Ricin Toxin)
- Necrotoxin (skin cells)
- Hemotoxin (blood cells)
- Enterotoxin (food poisoning)
- Dermatoxin (skin damage)
-
Provide some general characteristics of toxins. *These make them advantageous to use over what other agents?:
- Stable in most conditions
- Easily extracted from nature or produced in labs
- Relatively easy to disseminate/weaponize
- Very persistent
- Quick-acting
- Carry up to 150nm downwind
- Weather dependent
- Limited medical treatment
-
What are Methods of Dissemination for toxins?:
- Line Source: Aerosol Spray
- Point Source: Missile/Munition, artillery
- Multiple Point Source: Missile/Munition, bomblets
-
What are these the same for?
Chemical Warfare Agents
-
What is available for biological detection?:
- Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS)
- DFU (Dry Filter Unit)
- HHAs (Hand Held Assays)
- BRK (Biological Response Kit)
- Joint Biological Agent Identification & Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)
-
Briefly describe the categories of biological detection & Identification. Tie in sample package/shipment procedure:
- Presumptive ID
- (JBPDS, DFU/BRK & HHA)
- DDG, CG, FFG, etc.
- Confirmatory ID
- (JBAIDS)
- CVN, LHD, LHA
- Definitive ID
- CDC, ARMIID
- Sample gathered, mixed in conical tube with PBS, HHA response 15 min, positive ID packaged, sent off ship with appropriate documentation
-
What are treatment methods available for personnel afflicted by a biological agent?
- Palliative/Supportive Treatment-for symptoms
- Shock, fever, etc but not the agent itself
- Intensive Care - life support
- Maintain critical organ functions
- Ensure victim is as comfortable as possible
- If symptoms allow identification of agent, administer antidote/antitoxin if available
-
What are the four categories of Casualty Causing Chemical Agents (provide an example of each)?
- Nerve (skin and inhalation hazard)
- G-series (Sarin, Soman, Tabun)
- V-series (VX and others)
- Blister (skin and inhalation hazard)
- H-series (Mustards)
- L- series (Arsenicals)
- CX (Urticants)
- Blood (inhalation hazard)
- Hydrogen Cyanide (AC)
- Cyanogen Chloride (CK)
- Choking (inhalation hazard)
- Phosgene (CG)
- Chlorine (CL)
-
To understand different categories of casualty causing agents, discuss the following as they apply to nerve, blister, blood and choking agents:
- Physical state (most likely) and associated persistency
- Symptoms of exposure
- Immediate actions after exposure/symptoms
- Treatment available
-
Discuss the following detectors with regard to the level (stand-off, point, monitoring), agent, and physical state they detect:
- IPDS
- Point Detection
- G & V, H & L Vapor
- IPDS-LR
- Point Detection
- G & V, H & L, AC & CK Vapor
- M9 paper/tape
- Point Detection/Monitoring
- G & V, H & L Liquid
- M8 paper
- Point Detection/Monitoring
- G & V, H & L Liquid 20 seconds
- M256A2 sampler detector
- Monitoring
- G & V, H & L, AC & CK Vapor 17-20 minutes
-
CHEMICAL AGENTS DETECTION ID
-
Which mask(s) utilize a C2A1 and M61 filter canisters?
- MCU-2/P & M40A1 (C2A1)
- M50 JSGPM (M61)
-
What is the C2A1 rated for? M61
- C2A1 protects 60 days in uncontaminated environment, 30 days in contaminated environment
- M61 provides 24 hours of constant protection in a CW/BW environment
-
What degrades the C2A1 & M61 filter canisters?
Degraded when exposed to blood agent and water
-
Who can authorize unmasking after all clear is given?
CO
-
Provide shelf life and wear limitations of the JSLIST (Joint Service Light Weight Integrated Suit Technology):
- Shelf life in vacuum sealed package: 5 years
- Protects for 45 of wear/120 days after opening in uncontaminated environment, 24 hours in contaminated environment
-
What is available for Pre-Treatment?
- PB (pyridostigmine bromide) tablets
- 3 per day, 1 every 8 hours, packs of 21
- Should be announced on 1MC when everyone should take one (all personnel take at same time)
-
What about Post-exposure?
- Atropine, 2 PAM-Cl, and CANA (Diazepam, Valium) Injectors
- Self Aid for mild symptoms (1, wait 10-15 min, remaining 2)
- Buddy Aid for severe symptoms (all 3)
-
CHEMICAL AGENT GENERAL IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
- Protect yourself
- Stop breathing, don mask
- Remove liquid contaminants with RSDL Skin Decon Kit
- Protect others
- Mask victims
- Sound alarm
- Move victims/casualties to CCA/Decon Station
- Alert Medical personnel to location of casualties
- Continue with mission
-
Who is on a Chemical Survey & Monitoring team?
Team Leader, 2 Surveyors, Messenger/Marker
-
What is there purpose?:
- Locate, Mark and Isolate areas of contamination
- Colored signs with grease pencil info on back
- Hang to prevent access to contaminated area
-
Who is on a Biological Sampling team?:
Sampler, Assistant Sampler, Boundaryman/Packager
-
What is the typical makeup of a Topside Decon Team
- Team Leader
- 2-4 Hosemen
- 4-6 Scrubbers
- Can be augmented with surveyors & monitors after monitoring is complete
-
Describe the Levels of Shipboard Decontamination:
- Personnel and Patient (Immediate) Decontamination
- Self/Buddy Aid
- Limited Operational (Operational) Decontamination
- Mission essential areas; prevents the spread
- Operationally Complete (Thorough) Decontamination
- Highest level ship can obtain; reduces MOPP level
- Complete (Clearance) Decontamination
- All contamination removed; industrial facility
-
What are the Methods of Decontamination; how do we clean the ship inside and out
- PHYSICAL REMOVAL
- CMWDS (#1 method)
- Fire hose flush
- Scrubbing
- NATURAL DECAY
- Weathering
- CHEMICAL NEUTRALIZATION
- Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)
-
Internal methods: HTH solution (per NSTM 470) and brushes/swabs
- Agents
- HTH (#1), bleach, with GP cleanerSoap & water (#1 for people, sensitive electronics equipment
-
Who is on a Personnel Decon Station (Conventional or CPS) Team?
- Team Leader
- 1-2 Decon Station Assistants (Cutters) (inside station)
- Station Monitor (Operator)
- Medical representative
-
Describe the doffing procedure
GDA, OCUA, ICUA
-
How do we prioritize contaminated casualties at a Casualty Decon Station?
–Triage (prioritize need for care and decon), Decon and Treat
-
VENTILATION MANAGEMENT
- Before attack:
- Set Circle William
- After the attack:
- Leave contaminated area!
- Test Intakes - Perform Operational Decon (as necessary)
- Relax Circle William
- Purge Ship
- Retest with M256A2 to confirm decon complete
- If all clear, initiate unmasking procedures (only authorized by CO)
-
MOPP 0 Key Actions
Sizing and issue of CBRN Individual Protective Equipment (IPE)
–With exception of masks, maintained in storerooms, workspaces, etc
-
MOPP 1: SUSPECTED threat
Key actions:
–Inventory of CBR equipment
–Verify CBRN teams identified
–Conduct CBRN training
-
MOPP 2: threat POSSIBLE
Key actions:
–Issue Mask/Carrier (wear)
–Designate decon stations
–Preposition CBR equipment
–Operational test of CMWDS
–Operational test of alarms
-
MOPP 3: threat PROBABLE
Key actions:
–Install new mask filter canisters
–Don JSLIST trousers and smock
–Don protective overboots
–Initiate PB (if directed)
–Set general quarters
–Set material condition Zebra
–Activate CMWDS intermittently
–Strike below all porous materials
-
MOPP 4: threat IMMINENT
- Key actions:
- Sound Alarm
- Don mask, hood and gloves
- Implement mandatory water drinking
- Set Circle William
- Initiate continuous monitoring
- Continuous CMWD (15 MINUTES)
-
Where is the sample CBRD Bill taken from?
NTTP 3-20.31 APPENDIX B
-
Where is the CBRD Bill located in the RPM?
CHAPTER 7 SEC 2
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