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Is the trachea part of the lower or upper respiratory system?
Lower respiratory tract
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What does the pharynx provide? Passageway for what?
Air, food, and liquids
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What does the epiglottis do?
Protects the trachea from food, water
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Know Boyle’s law.
As pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa-alveolar ventilation
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Where is the trachea located with respect to the esophagus?
Anterior to the esophagus
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Where in the bronchial tree does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
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What is the role of hyaline cartilage in the lower respiratory system?
Maintains open airways
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Know the epithelium of the respiratory tract
Psuedo stratified columnar epithelium
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What is the carina?
Bification in the trachea
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What epithelium lines the alveoli?
Simple squamous
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Know the lung capacities and volumes well.
TV, TLC, RV, VC, IC, FRC, IRV, ERV
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What kind of pneumocytes or alveolar cells produces surfactant?
Type 2 pneumocytes
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In what form does most of the CO2 in the blood get carried?
Bicarbonate HCO-3
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What happens to the amount of oxyhemoglobin and delivery to tissues under acidic (low pH) conditions?
The oxygen curve will shift to the right and deliver more oxygen to the tissues due to lactic acid
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What are the factors that affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?
pH, temp, partial pressure of CO2, and partial pressure of O2
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What’s the most important factor that determines oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
Partial pressure of oxygen
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What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Popping ears, or when straining when passing BM
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What two systems of the body regulate pH of bodily fluids?
Respiratory System and Kidney (Urinary System)
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What is rhinoplasty?
Surgical repair of the nose
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What muscles are involved with quiet inhalation?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
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How does the respiratory system change pH?
By increasing or decreasing respiratory rate
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Know the cartilages of the larynx and their descriptions
(1) mucosa, (2) submucosa, (3) hyaline cartilage, and (4) adventitia
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What is the carina? Where does the cough reflex initiate from?
Initiates from the carina which is bification of the trachea
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What are dust cells and Kupfer cells?
Dust cells are alveolar macrophages that are present in the alveoli, Kupfer cells are
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What happens to pressure in the alveoli as the volume increases?
Pressure decreases
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Can emphysema decrease lung compliance?
Yes
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What does the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane depend on?
Diffusion distance, partial pressure of O2 and CO2
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What happens to the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve in metabolic acidosis?
Curves to the right
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What structure in the carotid arteries responds to changes in pH?
Carotid body
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What happens to breathing rate when PCO2 increases?
Increases respiratory rate
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