HYPERPITUITARISM is a disease in which there is _______ produced by the _______
too much growth hormone
anterior pituitary gland
If HYPERPITUITARISM occurs during developmental years (childhood), ________ occurs
gigantism
If HYPERPITUITARISM occurs in adulthood, ________ occurs
acromegaly
Enlargement of the jaws results in
separation of the teeth
In healthy people, the thyroid makes just the right amounts of two hormones, ___ and ____ , which have important actions throughout the body. These hormones _________.
T4 and T3
regulate many aspects of our metabolism
HYPERTHYROIDISM is more common in ________. Several different causes but most common cause is _________
women than men
Graves’ disease
Clinical features of HYPERTHYROIDISM include ________. Oral manifestations in children lead to ________
exophthalmia (bulging eyeballs)
early loss of primary teeth and premature eruption of permanent teeth
HYPOTHYROIDISM is characterized by _________
In infancy and childhood, it is known as ________.
In adults it is known as _______.
decreased output of thyroid hormone
cretinism
myxedema
The parathyroid glands are _______ located on the ________ .
four pea-sized glands
thyroid gland in the neck
The parathyroid glands secrete ________ which regulates _______
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
release of calcium from bone and absorption of calcium
Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by elevated _______, lower levels of ________ and abnormal ________.
blood levels of calcium (hypercalcemia),
blood phosphate (hypophosphatemia)
bone metabolism
15% of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM may be caused by _______ or 85% _______
hyperplasia of parathyroid gland
a benign or malignant tumor
Hyperparathyroidism that results from an abnormal enlargement of the hyperparathyroid is called ________ .
primary hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroid due to the response caused by excessive calcium excretion so that calcium levels are continually low, is called ________.
secondary hyperparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common type T or F
True
Oral manifestations of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM include changes in _______ which microscopically look like _______
mandible and maxilla with well-defined uni- or multilocular radiolucencies
central giant cell granulomas (due to loss of calcium in bone)
Normal fasting blood glucose is under _____mg. A reading over ____
is considered abnormal. _____ mg considered prediabetic
100
126
100 – 125
GTT blood glucose should be under ____mg within 2 hours after drinking the glucose. All readings should be under _____. ______ mg considered prediabetic.
140
200
140- 199
Blood sugar for type II diabetics fasting up to ____mg
After meals less than ____ mg
130
180
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Trembling
Clamminess
Palpitations
Anxiety
Sweating
Brain dysfunction
ADDISON’S DISEASE is characterized by insufficient production of ________ due to destruction of _______. As result of decrease in _______, there is an increase in _______.
adrenal steroids
adrenal cortex
adrenal steroids
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Adrenal cortex produces _______, _______, and _______
Aldosterone – responsible for uptake of sodium and secretion of potassium (controls BP)
–Low blood pressure
Cortisol – (the stress hormone) responsible for production of glucose
–Problems especially under stress
Testosterone
(ADDISON’S DISEASE) As a result of increase in ACTH, there is an increase in
brown pigmentation resulting in bronzing of skin and possible oral pigmentation with melanotic macules (increase MSH)
Anemia is the
reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
What are the causes of anemia
Nutrition Anemia
Suppression of bone marrow stem cells
What are the Oral manifestations of Anemia
Skin and mucosal pallor
Angular cheilitis
Erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa
Loss of filiform and fungiform papillae on tongue
The most common type of anemia in the U.S
Iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome is due to
long-standing iron deficiency
Pernicious anemia caused by _______ which is needed for the ________
deficiency of intrinsic factor in the stomach
uptake of vitamin B12
Thalassemia also known as ________. Hereditary disease resulting in ______
Mediterranean or Cooley’s anemia
damage to red blood cell membranes and destruction of RBC’s
Clinical manifestation of Thalassemia
yellowish skin, enlarged liver and spleen
Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited disorder found predominantly in ________ and disease presents ______ and is more common in ______
black people and people of Mediterranean origin
before age 30
women
Clinical manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia include _______
Oral manifestations show up on X-Ray as having _______
weakness, shortness of breath, fatigue
large marrow spaces with irregular trabeculae
Aplastic Anemia is a _______ because of a _________
decrease in all circulating blood cells
severe depression of bone marrow activity
Primary Aplastic Anemia is caused by ________
Secondary is due to _________
unknown cause (possible autoimmune)
chemotherapy or radiation therapy, virus, drugs
Polycythemia is an
abnormal increase in the number of circulating red blood cells
Polycythemia
Polycythemia Vera (primary polycthemia) is the ________ and caused by ________
neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow stem cells resulting in a high number of red blood cells (rare)
unknown
Secondary Polycythemia is an ________ caused by ________
increase in RBC’s due to a decrease in oxygen
–due to lung or heart disease
–or living at high altitude
Relative Polycythemia is an increase in RBC’s due to
decrease in plasma volume
Agranulocytosis is characterized by a _______ and the most common cause is _______
marked reduction in neutrophils (neutropenia) due to either increased destruction of PMN’s or decrease in production
chemotherapy
Clinical manifestations of Agranulocytosis
oral infection, ANUG, bleeding gums, rapid destruction of alveolar bone
Cyclic Neutropenia is a
form of agranulocytosis in which there is a severe depression of PMN’s which occurs at periodic intervals
Leukemia is a malignant neoplasms of the
_______ resulting in _______
blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow
dramatic increases in circulating white blood cells
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
shows an _______, has a _____ onset and
mainly found in people _____
increase in lymphocytes
slow
over 50
_________ is the most common leukemia in children
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a
Increase in myeloid cells (PMN’s, eosinophils, basophils)
Acute Leukemia is characterized by
presence of immature cells (blast cells) and rapidly fatal if not treated
Chronic Leukemia is a _______ usually found in ________. Oral manifestations is _____
slow onset form of leukemia
adults in 40’s-50’s
pallor of lips and gingiva, gingival enlargement, petechiae, gingival bleeding, periodontal disease
Platelet count are normally _______/mm
Counts less than 100,000/mm are considered
150,000 to 400,000
thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets)
Normal INR is
1 to 1.5
–Prothrombin time (PT) – normal range of ________
–(Measures the patient’s ability to form a clot when _______ are added to the blood)
11 to 16 seconds (abnormal if 1 ½ times this range)
calcium and a tissue factor
–Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) – normal range of _______
–Measures the patient’s ability to form a clot when _______ are added to patient’s plasma
25 to 40 seconds
kaolin and cephalin
PURPURA
THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Ingestion of aspirin can result in impaired platelet function for up to ______ days as can NSAID’
7-10
HEMOPHILIA is caused by a
deficiency in a plasma protein necessary for conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Are routine dental procedures contraindicated for patients on Coumadin therapy
NO
Contraindicated to discontinue antithrombotic medication
Primary immunodeficiency is of ______ origin (SCID)
Secondary immunodeficiency is due to _______
genetic
some other underlying disorder
A patient is diagnosed with AIDS if they have
HIV infection with CD4 lymphocyte count of less than 200 per microliter of blood
Presence of opportunistic infections including Pneumocystic pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, pulmonary TB, cervical cancer
As the immune system fails, HIV/AIDS patients develop _______ including ________
