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Red blood cells, most white blood cells (the exception are Lymphocytes), and platelets are produced in
bone marrow
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Lymphocytes are produced in ________ in the ________
- lymphoid tissue
- spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland
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Plasma is the _________ of blood and constitutes _____% of the blood’s volume
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RBCs, WBCs and platelets are known as the _______ and constitutes ___% of blood volume.
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_____ aka _______ make up the majority of the formed elements
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Platelets aka _______ help in _______
- thrombocytes
- the clotting process
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White blood cells aka _______ and constitutes __% of formed elements.
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What are the two categories of WBCs
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
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What are the 3 Granulocytes
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
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What is the role of the Basophils
also participate in allergic responses
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What is the role of the Eosinophils
kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses
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What is the role of the Neutrophils
the most numerous type of WBC, help protect against infections by killing and ingesting bacteria and fungi and by ingesting foreign debris
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What are the 2 Agranulocytes
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What is the role of the Monocytes
ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against many infectious organisms
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What is the role of the Lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, both help protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells
- B lymphocytes, develop into cells that produce antibodies
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Prothrombin time (PT) is used to evaluate
bleeding and clotting disorders and monitor anticoagulation therapies
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The ________ was developed to standardize Prothrombin time (PT) values
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
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Anemia is the result when the _________ ans symptoms include _______
- number of RBCs or the hemoglobin in them is below normal
- pale skin, weakness, and a fast heart rate, happen because the blood has a reduced capacity for carrying oxygen
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What is the most prevelant type of anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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In addition to iron, the body needs _____ and ______ to produce healthy RBCs.
folate (B9) and B12
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A deficiency of folate (B9) or B12 is known as
megaloblastic anemia
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In megaloblastic anemia the bone marrow produces
large, abnormal red blood cells
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Usually, vitamin B12 deficiency is due to inadequate absorption aka ________. The cause of malabsorption may be lack of ________, a protein produced in the stomach.
- pernicious anemia
- intrinsic factor
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________ is a common cause of folic acid deficiency
Under nutrition associated with alcoholism
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The kidneys produce a hormone called ______, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
erythropoietin
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Anemias resulting from RBC destruction are called
Hemolytic Anemias
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Sickle Cell Anemia is a hereditary disease resulting in the production of
abnormal hemoglobin
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Thalassemias is a group of inherited disorders resulting from an imbalance in the production of
one of the four chains of amino acids that make up hemoglobin
-
The most severe form of Thalassemia is
Cooley’s Anemia
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The WHO recognizes ______ as the most prevalent inherited genetic blood disorder in the world
Thalassemia
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An estimated 2 million Americans are carriers of the genetic trait for thalassemia, predominately those of _______ ancestry
Mediterranean, Asian Indian, South Asian and Chinese
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Polycythemia is an
increase in the number and concentration of RBCs above the normal level
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What are the three general categories of Polycythemia
- 1.Relative
- 2.Primary
- 3.Secondary
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Relative Polycythemia is the
Loss of plasma occurs without a corresponding loss of RBCs meaning the concentration of RBCs increases
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Primary Polycythemia results from an
increase in RBCs
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_______ Polycythemia is more commonly seen and results from _______
- Secondary
- an increase in the number of RBCs but the cause is secondary to such conditions as hypoxia (a deficiency of oxygen) such as occurs in residents of high altitudes, pulmonary disease, heart disease, and tobacco smoking
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Leukopenia is a
decrease in the number of WBCs
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Leukocytosis is an
increase in the number of WBCs
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Neutropenia is an
abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood
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The two major types of Lymphomas are
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
-
Which type of lymphoma is more common
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
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________ is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Burkitt’s lymphoma is recognized as the _______ and most common in ________. It manifest itself with the appearance of ________
- fastest growing human tumor
- children and young adults, particularly males
- huge tumor masses in the jaw and sometimes the abdomen
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The cause of most types of leukemia is
idiopathic
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Thrombocytopenia is a
lower than normal number of platelets
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Hemophilia is an inherited condition that almost exclusively affects ______. It involves a lack of factor _______ in the blood.
-
What are two forms of hemophilia
- Hemophilia A
- Hemophilia B
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Hemophilia A also called ______ Accounts for about ___% of all cases. It is a deficiency in clotting factor _____.
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Hemophilia B also called _______ is a deficiency in clotting factor ___.
-
What the most common hereditary bleeding disorder in the world
Von Willebrand Disease
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______ is essential for prothrombin synthesis and clotting. Nearly all the clotting factors are produced in the ____.
-
Thrombophilia is a
- group of disorders in which one or more of the clotting factors is defective.
- The blood clots easily or excessively
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