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Normal blood glucose levels in a healthy individuals usually range from _______ mg/dl and the hemoglobin A1c is less than ____%.
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In Type 1 Diabetes the immune system attacks the _______, located in the ______ in the pancreas, and destroys them
- insulin-producing beta cells
- * islets of Langerhans
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Polydipsia
Polyphagia
- excessive thirst
- increase food intake
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Type 1 diabetes accounts for about _____% of diagnosed diabetes in the United States
5 to 10
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The most common form of diabetes is
type 2
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About 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are _______. _______ is the #1 risk factor for type 2 diabetes
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What are some risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes
- –Physical inactivity.
- –First degree relative with diabetes.
- –Women who have delivered a baby weight over 9 pounds or had gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
- –Hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) or taking antihypertensive medications.
- –Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
- –History of cardiovascular disease.A1c > 5.7%, IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), or IFG (impaired fasting glucose
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High risk race/ethnicity are
African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander
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What is insulin resistance
the pancreas is usually producing enough insulin, but for unknown reasons, the body cannot use the insulin effectively
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What is prediabetes
- In pre-diabetes, blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be characterized as diabetes.
- Many people with pre-diabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years
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What are the two test used to diagnose diabetes
Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
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During a Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) a person fasts for _______ hours. A level between ______ mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A level of _____ mg/dl or higher indicates diabetes.
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What happens during the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
- A person fasts for 8-10 hours.
- Presents to the lab and drinks a glucose-rich beverage.
- Blood is drawn to determine the blood glucose level
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During the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
If the level is between ______ mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the level is at _____ mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes.
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Glycated Hemoglobin Assay (HbA1c) provides an average of the patient’s blood glucose measurements over the past ______. Prediabetes is diagnosed with an A1c value from ______%. Diabetes is diagnosed if a value equal to or greater than ____% is found
- six to 12 weeks
- 5.7 to 6.4
- 6.5
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Neuropathy is a disorder of the _______ and can cause ________
- nervous system
- pain, numbness, or tingling of mouth, face, and extremities
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Nephropathy is a disease of the _______. Patients diagnosed with diabetes should be screened for an increase in _______ excretion.
- kidney
- urinary albumin (protein)
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_________ is a leading cause of blindness in the U.S. People with diabetes are ___ times more likely to become blind than people without diabetes.
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What are the two situations that people with diabetic retinopathy may experience
- blood vessels may swell and leak fluid onto the part of the retina that lets us see detail. The fluid makes the macula swell, blurring vision
- abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina
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Insulin injected in the abdomen works _______.
Into the ____ works at medium speed.
Into the _____ works the slowest.
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What are some oral complications of diabetes
- Periodontal Disease
- Xerostomia
- Enlargement of parotid glands
- Fruity smelling breath
- Candidiasis
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