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Flipping the repro tract
Not in horses! Not in >60d cows!
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What to palpate for in the mare
- cervix (tone increased in diestrus and pregnancy), uterine body, bifurcation, horns (pregnancies implant at base), broad ligament (dorsal) to ovary.
- Large follicles, ovulatory fossa. Horses will always have follicles during breeding season.
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Transrectal ultrasound in the mare
- NEVER further than you can reach!
- Uterus for evidence of edema (heterogenous echotecture of wall) and content (preg, fluid, air, FB)
- ovary for CL, follicles (ALWAYS present during season)
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#1 reason for cow palpation
early pregnancy diagnosis
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what to palpate for in cows (6)
when and how to palpate
what to look for to dx preg
- size: fetus, caruncles, uterine artery
- cervix (roll of quarters, turkey neck, see if repro tract is heavy, "fixed" after 70d), uterine horns (fluid-filled), ovaries (follicle and CL with papilla), fetus, caruncles (after 70d) and uterine artery
- not <60d in pregnancy
- "flip" the uterus to palpate properly.
- Look for increase in size, asymmetry, fluctuation and fetal membrane slip.
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4 positive signs of pregnancy
- Fetal membrane slip
- amnionic vesicle
- placentomes (cotyledons)
- fetus
- ONLY 4 positive signs of pregnancy
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initiation of parturition
- fetus secretes cortisol
- dam responds with dilation of cervix and caudal repro tract and initiates contractions
- fetus enters birthing position, engages cervix
- Ferguson's reflex
- oxytocin
- uterine contractions
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3 stages of parturition
- 1: dilation of the cervix until rupture of allantois (water breaks)
- 2: delivery of fetus/fetuses
- 3: expulsion of the fetal membranes
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goals of managing dystocia (3)
- preserve life of dam
- preserve viability of fetus
- preserve future fertility of dam
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When to interfere with calf dystocia (normal timing)
how long is fetus viable
- 2-3h of labor without progress
- normal progression is amnion, 15-20min, one foot, 15-20min, two feet, muzzle, head, shoulder, completion.
- ENTIRE PROCESS <75min.
- fetus viable for 8-10h after stage II begins. (so CLEAN before you palpate)
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presentation
relationship between long axis of fetus and maternal birth canal (longitudinal anterior/posterior vs transverse dorsal/ventral)
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position
- surface of maternal birth canal to which fetal spine is applied.
- can be dorso-sacral, dorso-pubic or dorso-ilial
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posture
- disposition of the head and limbs of the fetus (relative to normal birthing posture)
- abnormal flexion of a joint, etc.
- Bilateral hock flexion, lateral deviation of head and neck, etc.
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Obstetrical mantra
- be clean
- be gentle
- use LOTS of lube
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retropulsion
pushing fetus back into uterus to make room for obstetrical manipulation
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mutation
correction of maldisposition of the fetus
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which joint of fetus do you correct first?
- most proximal
- in cattle and horses, maybe camelids, forelimbs MUST be fully extended. Sm ruminants maybe, canines, felines and porcine don't really matter much
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if you can pull anterior or posterior, you should pull
posterior
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2 general causes of dystocia
- obstruction: physical correction.
- lack of productive uterine contractions: medical correction
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causes of obstructive dystocia
- inadequate size of maternal pelvis: C-section. Splitting pelvis possible in heifers
- incomplete dilation of soft tissue of caudal repro tract: C-section or time +/- Ca
- Fetal maldisposition: incorrect PPP. Anterior or posterior both fine, though posterior more likely to cause dystocia.
- Uterine torsion
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uterine torsion in bovine
- most common in this species. Occurs in mares and camelids pre-term with colic signs
- usu dx at term. Dorso-pubic positioned calf always has torsion (not in mare).
- usu singleton large calf. Unable to engage birth canal so cervix may not be dilated.
- Often after correction, calf still has lateral deviation of head and neck
- corrected by manual rotation, detorsion rod, scheffer method (plank in the flank), or C-section
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HOw to correct bilateral hip flexion (as in breech)
- correct both hind limbs to hock flexion before correcting hock flexion to extension
- breech can cause dystocia in any species except SA and pig
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cattle delivery tips (3)
- rotate calf so that sternum and hips both come out d/v
- birth canal breaks twice, so calf goes up, down, up. Pull dorsally.
- Angle of pelvis better if cow allowed to lie down.
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mare delivery tips (3)
- vagina of mare is sensitive, traumatized by repeated entry. Use amnion between arm and vagina to reduce friction, also during delivery.
- uterine contractions are extremely powerful. May require GA and controlled vaginal delivery.
- neck and limbs of fetus are very long. C-section is risky and expensive. Fetotomies are important.
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puppy/kitten delivery tips (3)
- puppies are fragile!
- Premature have low survival rates, so KNOW the DUE DATE
- angle of vagina is acute, pull downward
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pig delivery tips (3)
- full bladder interferes
- downwards bend of uterus in large litters, causing unproductive contractions
- needle teeth of piglets make holding the face complicated
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camelid delivery tips (2)
- neck of cria is extremely long and complicated to correct
- cervix is muscular and can be manually dilated
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male puberty and testicle descent of dog
- both testes in scrotum at birth, if not, by 6mo.
- Puberty at 9mo
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scrotal measurements
- ruminants: scrotal circumference
- stallion: total scrotal width (scrotal calipers) and/or ultrasound
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accessory sex glands of
dog
tom
bull
stallion
boar
- dog: prostate, ampulla (?)
- tom: prostate, bulbourethral glands
- stallion, bull: prostate, ampulla, vesicular glands, bulbourethral glands
- boar: prostate, vesicular glands, bulbourethral glands
- all but dog have bulbourethral
- all have prostate
- boar has all but ampulla
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semen collection in ruminants
AV or electroejaculator. Need training for AV
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Semen evaluation
- semen color and volume
- motility analysis: total MOTILE sperm (% that are moving) and progressive motility (% moving forward).
- In ruminants, look at gross motility
- semen concentration: densimeter, nucleo-cell counter or hemocytometer. Need volume and concentration.
- sperm morphology: eosin nigrosine stain, count morphological defects.
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which animals have fractionated semen
- boar, stallion and dog. (these also have the most volume)
- Cat, camelid, bull and ram don't.
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semen collection in dog
when (cycle)
how
equipment
fractions
- 5d sexual rest. If >10 you may want a second ejaculation.
- 62d spermatogenic cycle
- digital manipulation
- director cone (latex AV, more contamination) vs collection tube (may lose sperm-rich fraction and damage tip of glans penis
- More responsive with a teaser (can use frozen-thawed vaginal swabs from estrus bitch on perineal area). Can give PGF2alpha, can't give testosterone
- clean, grasp first first finger and thumb behind bulbus glandis (tie), pulse bulbus with other three fingers. Retract prepuce once partially erect. Detumesce and replace before kenneling.
- 1st fraction: presperm. during thrusting. Hard to separate from sperm-rich. Clear to cloudy. Dog will stop thrusting and try to tie
- 2nd fraction: sperm rich. milky-white, homogenous, 1-4ml. Yellow = urine or pus, red or brown = blood (trauma or dz)
- 3rd fraction: prostatic portion. Clear.
- pH: 6.5-7.0
- motility: ASAP, drop on slide. Low light. Total motility, progressive and speed.
- Normally >70% motile, >80% progressive and >80% "fast"
- 2nd fraction for concentration. Should be >300million. morphology
- >80% normal, 200 million total
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BSE in stallions
- satisfactory, questionable, unsatisfactory
- No strict cut-off limits. Needs 1x10^9 or more progressively normal, morphologically normal sperm in SECOND of 2 ejaculates collected 1 hr apart after 1 week of sexual rest.
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canine female repro tract
- ovary: 1-3cm caudal to each kidney, completely surrounded by ovarian bursa and fat deposits
- uterus: long and ventrally curved horns, corkscrew in diestrus, thickened/edematous in estrus
- cervix: may protrude into vagina, hangs dorsally.
- vagina: bottle-shaped, very long. Deep fornix with thick dorsal fold (pseudocervix).
- external urethral orifice: at vestibulovaginal junction
- vestibule: 5-6cm
- vulva and clitoris: labia are thick. Aim swab vertically and dorsally to avoid clitoral fossa.
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puberty
- period when capability of reproduction is attained (first proestrus at 6-10mo in bitch)
- split heat - normal vaginal d/c for 5-7d, then disappear, then back 1-2wks later. NOT FOLLOWED BY OVULATION
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proestrus in bitch
- ~10d
- serosanguineus d/c
- pheromonal secretions to attract male but not allow mounting
- edematous vulva and vaginal stroma
- vulva winks when touched
- "Flag" tail when perivulvar skin touched
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estrus in bitch
- ~7d
- starts on LH surge day or after.
- vulva enlarged but softer
- d/c more straw-colored
- teasing males, males attracted, actively seeks males.
- urine marking
- flagging, lordosis, vulva points upward
- characterized by acceptance of male
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diestrus in bitch
- ~2mo whether pregnant or pseudopregnant (can be up to 3mo).
- 3d before end of behavioral estrus
- higher P4 from CL
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anestrus in bitch
- ~4mo
- quiescent time, doesn't attract males. vulva small with minimal d/c.
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Canine endocrine of estrus
Estrogen high in proestrus, drops towards end as P4 starts to rise. When both are low-ish is LH surge.
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Vaginal smear performance, cells and what they mean (stages of cycle)
- vaginoscope
- cotton swab into dorsal vestibule or caudal vagina.
- Dorsocranial and rolled over dorsal mucosa in one direction to collect cells.
- roll on microscope 3 or 4 times. Air dry
- Diff-Quik
- Basal cells: non-cornified, small and round, rarely seen.
- Parabasal cells: non-cornified, round to oval with normal-appearing nucleus (largest nucleus: cytoplasm ratio)
- Intermediate cells: non-cornified? Smaller more prominent nuclei
- Superficial cells: large epithelial cells. Borders are irregular or angulated. Dark, pyknotic nucleus (or even not distinguishable). cytoplasm has more straight sides.
- Anucleate cells: no nucleus, more square.
- proestrus: Erythrocytes and mix of epithelial types. May be neutrophils and bacteria. Late proestrus has more superficial and large intermediate. Thin epithelial lining
- Estrus: no neutrophils, few erythrocytes. >90% superficial cells. Background clear, no bacteria or debris, lots of clumping cells. Thickened vaginal epithelium with no inflammatory cells
- diestrus: abrupt drop of 20-50% is cytological diestrus. Parabasal, neutrophils. Can't tell from proestrus.
- anestrus: parabasal and intermediate. Hard to tell from diestrus and proestrus.
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Timing for small ruminant and alpaca births
30 mins
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timing for pig birth
piglet/20-30mins. Placenta afterwards
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timing for horse birth
20 mins, but if actually trying help after 6-8 mins!
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timing of dog birth
- 4-36h from water breaking to first puppy
- puppy/30 mins but can be longer if not straining
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Timing of cat birth
Can stop, just leave them alone! If you bring them in, you WILL get a C-section
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