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name the specialized capillaries that absorb large fat molecules in the digestive tract
lacteals
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name the primary lymphatic organs
thymus and red bone marrow
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name the site where stem cells divide and become immune-competent
red bone marrow and the thymus
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name secondary organs tissues of the lymphatic system
*sites where immune response occur
- lymph nodes
- spleen lymphatic nodules (follicles)
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why are the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen considered organs
each is surrounded by connective tissue capsule
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what is the difference between cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity?
- -The humoral response (or antibody‐mediated response) involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood
- -The cell‐mediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells.
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First line of Defense: Physical factors (9)
- 1. epidermis of skin
- 2. mucus membranes
- 3. mucus
- 4. hairs
- 5. cilia
- 6. lacrimal apparatus
- 7. saliva
- 8. defecation and vomiting
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First Line of Defense: Chemical Factors (4)
- 1. Sebum
- 2. Lysozymes
- 3.Gastric juice
- 4.vaginal secretions
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Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses (9)
- 1. antimicrobial substances
- 2. interferon's IFN's
- 3. complement system
- 4. iron binding agents
- 5. antimicrobial proteins
- 6.natural killer cells
- 7.phagocytes
- 8. inflammation
- 9.fever
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identify natural killer cells ( their function)
kill infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes; phagocytes then kill released microbes
large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or turned cancerous--responsible for immuno surveillance
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identify complement system
causes cytolysis of microbes ; promotes phagocyosis; contributes to inflammation
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role of IFN's Interferons
protect uninfected host cells from viral infection
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role of fever (function)
intensifies efects of inteferons ; inhibits growth of some microbes, speeds up body reactions and aids in repair
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function of iron binding proteins
inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing amount of available iron
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function of antimicrobial proteins
have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and attract dendritic and mast cells
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function of phagocytes
ingest foreign particulate matter
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role of inflammation in the body
confines and destroys microbes, initiates tissue repair
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lymphocytes resist infection responding to:
- -invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses
- -abnormal body cells such as cancer cells
- -foreign proteins such as toxins
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nmae the main duct responsible for the return of lymph to blood
thoracic duct
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name the major lymph collecting vessels (4)
- superficial and lymphatic vessels
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
- cisternal chyli
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the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from what regions of the body?
-it receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian and right bronchomediastinal trunks
- receives lymph from below the diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax, empties
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what is the main difference between lymph anf interstitial fluid
- -location is the main difference
- -lymph is located within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissues
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Name the functions of the Lymphatic System ( 5)
- 1. drain excess interstitial fluid: fluid from the spaces in between tissues and return it to the blood
- 2. transports dietary lipids
- 3.carry out immune responses
- 4.blood volume maintenance
- 5.production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes
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what is the primary function of the Lymphatic system?
production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes
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lymphocytes mus do 2 things:
- 1. detect where the problem is
- 2.be able to reach the site of injury/ infection
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what does the lymphatic system consist of?
lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs, lymphocytes and supporting phagocytic cells
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where do afferent lymphatics carry lymph?
towards the lymph node
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where do efferent lymphatics carry lymph
carry lymph away from the lymph node
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what is the role of a lymph node
purify lymph
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where are lymphoid nodules found?
respiratory tract, digestive tract and the urinary tract
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are lymphatic nodules surrounded by by a capsule?
no
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what is MALT
MALT is the same as lymphoid nodules. Lymph nodules are called MALT because they are in the lamina propria in the tract of G.I, G.U, reproductive and respiratory air ways
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describe the anatomy of the spleen
bi lobed organ located in the mediastinum between the sternum and the aorta
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thymic macrophages ___ the debris of dead and dying cells.
clear out
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surviving t cells enter the ___
medulla
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where does the right lymphatic duct empty
right subclavian vein
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identify the difference between specific and non specific defense
non specific defense: do not distinguish between threats
-specific defense: protects against particular test
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what does the specific defense do
- protects the body from particular threats
- it depends of circulation of lymphocytes
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what is the largest mass of lymph tissue
the spleen
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the spleen consist of 2 pulps. Name them.
red pulp and white pulp
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identify white pulp
similar to lymphoid nodules, lymphatic tissue, consisting of mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around branches of the spelenic artery called central arteries
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identify red pulp
contains rbc's; consisting of blood filled venous sinuses and cords of splenic tissue claled splenic cords or bilroth cords
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name the functions of the spleen
- -removal of abnormal blood cells and other components
- -storage of iron
- -initiation of specific immune response
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one of the functions of the spleen is to initiate immune response please describe this function in further detail
- -removal of macrophages of ruptured or worn out blood rbc's and platelets
- storage of platelets up to 1/3 of the body's supply
- -production of blood cells during fetal life
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identify or describe the complement system
- destroy target cell membranes
- stimulate inflammation
- enhance phagocytosis
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what makes up the complement system
a group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on blood plasma membranes makes up the complement system
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what are the effects of the complement system
- stimulation of inflammation
- enhancement of phagocytosis
- attraction of phagocytes
- destruction of target cell membranes
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identify inflammation
localized tissue response to an injury producing swelling, heat, redness and pain
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nonspecific immune defense: fever
identify exogenous pyrogens
bacteria and toxin produce (foreign substances that came from outside of the body) that causes a high fever
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nonspecific immune response fever: identify endogenous pyrogens
- neutrophils macrohages attack pathogens, they secrete a variety of peptides that act as an endogenous pyrogen
- ex: IL1- promotes helper T cells acts on the hypothalmus to cause fever (things from within the body that cause fever)
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