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If an enzyme is added to a chemical reaction
the activation energy will be reduced
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Cellular respiration refers to
catabolic reactions used to generate ATP
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Site of cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
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Defects in mitochondrial function can cause
degenerative diseases, cancer, aging
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Inherited mitochondrial diseases effects
muscle weakness, degenerative disease of the CNS, metabolic dysfunction
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The relocation of electrons from food to oxygen
released energy used to synthesize ATP
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General Redox Reactions have Two Components
Oxidation and Reduction
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Oxidation (X) is the
loss of electrons (increasing positive charge)
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Reduction (Y) is the
addition of electrons (reducing positive charge)
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In redox reaction for cellular respiration
glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced, and energy is released
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What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen?
Its activation energy
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How does the transfer of electrons generate energy?
an electron loses potential energy when it shifts from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative one
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Transfer of electrons from fuel to transport chain is mediated by
NADH
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Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats can all be used as fuel for
cellular respiration
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Cellular Respiration- First Stage
- In the cytosol, glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate
- glycolysis generates substrates for citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
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Cellular Respiration- Intermediate Stage
pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and pyruvate moves into the mitochondrial matrix
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Cellular Respiration- Second Stage
- Citric Acid Cycle A.K.A. Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
- takes place in the mitochondria, converts ADP to energy-rich ATP
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Cellular Respiration- Third Stage
- oxidative phosphorylation
- electron transport and chemiosmosis
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What if there is no oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?
majority of the ATP synthesis would eventually fail
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ATP synthase allows
passive transport of H+ back to the matrix
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A drug that specifically inhibits ATP synthase will
increase the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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