Human AP Chapter 12

what are the 4 major regions of the brain

preforms higher mental functions
Interperets sensory stimuli
plans and initiates movement

processes, integrates, and relays information
Maintains homeostatsis
Regulates biological rhythms

Monitors and coordinates movement

Maintains homeostasis
Controls certain reflexes
Monitors movement
Integrates and relays information

large superior part of the brain diveded into left and right hemispheres

oldest part of the brain from and evolutionary standpoint

like the brain, the spinal cord has na internal cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid called the

contains myelinated axons
consist of both the brian and the spinal cord

made up of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Consists of both the brain and the spinal cord more particularly the outer few millimeters and scattered throughout its deeper portions

receive input from and send output to the different clusters of cell bodies and dnedrites in the cerebral gray matter, called nuclei

different clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral gray matter

shallow grooves in the cerebrum

deep groves in the cerebrum

The two hemispheres are separated from eachother by a long fissure called the

between the Sulci are elevated ridges called

what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum

the posterior boundary of the frontal lobe

responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality

responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention
posterior to the frontal lobes

which lobe preforms function related to hearing, language, memory and emotions

The neurons of this lobe process all information relating to vision

the neuron of this structure are currently though to have functions relating to taste and to our visceral organs 
Visible only when you pry the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes apart at the lateral fissure

the most complex par of the brain is the region of gray matter known as the

the majority of the cerebral cortex is the 
also known as the "New Cortex"

though that does not involve the cerebral cortex

plans and executes movement

are the first to receive and process sensory input

part of the neocortex that integrates different types of information

areas that integrate one specific type of information only

areas that integrate information from multiple different sources and appear to carry out many of our higher mental functions

most of the motor areas are located in the frontal lobes
these areas contain _____ which are actually interneurons because they connect to other neuron instead of to skeletal muscle

located anterior to the primary motor cortex

the two main areas of the cerebral cortex that deal with the somatic senses
those pertaining to temperature or touch including vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position

located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex (s1)

lies at the posterior end of the occipital lobe, is the first area to receive visual input. It feeds this iformation into the visual association areas

process color, object movement, and depth

sense of smell
located in the insula and part of the parietal lboe

information pertaining to equilibrium and positional sense is processed by

sense of smell is processed by the

the area responsible for  producing language

the area responsible for understanding language

has a number of functions, among which are modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individuals's psychological state.

the areas perform a variety of tasks, including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness

basal nuclei include

primarily associated with movvement, disorders involving the basal nuclei and problems with behavior, cognition, and perception

connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the larges being the corpus callosum

are C-shaped rings of gray matter that sit lateral to the lateral ventricles in each hemisphere. Named for its long slender tail that curls around and points anteriorly

lies posterior and inferior to the caudate nucleus and is connected to it via small bridges of gray mater. Both together are often referred to as the corpus striatum

sits medial to the putamen, is named for the fact that it contains more myelinated fibers than the other basal nuclei and is thus paler

communication tracts serve the purpose of

commissural fibers

what is the largest commissural fiber
Sits in the middle of the brain at the base of the longitudinal fissure

connects the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of the same hemisphere

projection fibers condense around the diencephalon on the right and left sides to form two V-Shaped bands known as the

fibers restricted to a single hemisphere and connect the gray matter of cortical gyri with one another

the emotional brain 
controls behavior, memory, pleasure, pain, and addiction

encircles the brain stem and corpus callosum
Lie on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon

Anterior to the hippocampus
structure who shape is also reflected in its name,
greek work for almond

fuction in the behavioral expression of emotion, particularly fear
anterior to the hippocampus

what are the four structural components of the diencephalon

7 groups of nuclei
Relays all sensor impulses except olfaction
Conscious recognition of sensation
Contributes to cognition

receive incoming information, process and integrate it, and then send it to specific motor or sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

generally these nuclei process information related to emotions, memory, and integration of sensory information from multiple source

these nuclei send information to broad areas of the cortex and the rest of the brain
Current evidence indicates that they function in controlling arousal, consciousness, and the level of responsiveness and excitability of the cerebral cortex

Primary regulator of homeostasis
Regulates eating and drinking
Controls autonomic nervous system
Structurally and functionally associated with pituitary gland

endocrine organ
the pituitary gland is attached to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus
Secretes hormones that influence secretion from other endocrine glands throughout the body

the pituitary gland is attached to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus by an extension referred to as the

these structures receive input from the hippocampus, with which they play a role in regulating memory and behavior

secretes melatonin
Part of the epithalamus

regulates sleep cycles

emotional responses to olfactory stimuli
Part of the epithalamus

2nd larges region of the brain
Attached to brain via bundles of white matter
Regulates posture and balance
Coordinates skilled, voluntary movements
Compares intended vs actual movements

connects the two cerebellar hemisphers

the ridges on the cerebellar surface contains ridges known as

the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

connect the cerebellum to the brain-stem and so form the only route by which information flows into and out of the cerebellum

the nuclei of this structure control many basic homeostatic functions, indluding maintenance of heart rate and breathing rythm
Also controls numerous reflexes which are programmed, automatic responses to stimuli and function in movement, sensation, and maintaining alertness

located on the brainstem
aka the mesencephalon relays motor impulses
(cerebral cortex to pons)
relays sensory impulses (spinal cord to thalamus)
Coordinates movements- eyes to visual stimuli
Head and trunk to auditory stimuli

Origin for cranial nerves III and IV
Site of reticular formation

Located on the brainstem
Continuous with medulla oblongata
Tracts connects spinal cord to the brain
relays motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum
Pneumtaxic & apneustic areas control respiration

Origin for cranial nerves V-VII

Located on the brainstem
Center for vital reflexes ( heart rate, ventilation rate and vasoconstriciton)
Center for coughing swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping and sneezing
Relays sensory and motor info between brain and spinal cord

origin for cranial nerves VIII-XII

Cranial Nerve X

are protective membranes made primarily of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

the outermost meninx
thickest and toughest of the membranes

deep to the dura mater another very narrow space, called the
Housesa thin layer of serous fluid and certain veins that drain the brain

the middle meninx
resembles a spider web

the thinnest and innermost meninx is the

The arachnoid and pia are separated by another narrow, fluid-filled space called the
contains CSF and the major blood vessels of the brain

attached to the inner surface of the bones of the cranial cavity; it functions as the periosteum of those bones and has an extensive blood supply that resides in the epidural space

the inner, avascular layer that lies superficial to the arachnoid mater

venous channels that drain CSF and deoxygenated blood from the brain's many veins

the partition between the right and left cerebral hemispheres, and lies in the longitudinal cerebral fissure.

a large dural sinus called the ______ is situated superior to the falx cerebri

is the partition between the cerebellum and the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres

cavities in the brain

ventricles within the cerebral hemispheres

3rd ventricle is located within the

4th ventricle is located between

structures in the ventricles that produce CSF

results in too much CSF being formed by the choroid plexus

keeps the CSF and brain extracellular fluid seperate from the blood

composed primarily of nervous tissue and is responsible for both relaying and processing information.

The two primary function of the spinal cord

the 3 spinal spinal meninges of the spinal cord in order from superficial to deep

thin pieces of the spinal pia called _________ extend outward through the arachnoid an attach to the spinal dura

the spinal cord lacks a periosteal dura, so and _________ exists between the meningeal dura and the wall of the vertebral foramina. 
Filled with veins and adipose tissue, which helps to cushion and protect the spinal cord

________ is only a potential space in the spinal cord

in the spine and in the brain
lies between the arachnoid and pia and is filled with a very thin layer of CSF

on the posterior side of the spinal cord is the narrow

on the anterior side of the spinal cord is a wide slit called the

the end of the spinal cord forms the coneshaped

At the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, the spinal pea gathers into a very thing structure known as the

bulge on the spinal cord in the cervical region

bulge on the spinal cord in the lumbar region

attach to the cervical enlargement and the lumbar enlargement
Fuse to form the spinal nerves of the upper and lower limbs

are part of the PNS, carry sensory and motor impulses to and from the spinal cord

the bundle of spinal nerve roots is collectively called the _______

in the blood-cerebrospinal barrier: CSF must move through

fluid based protection CSF will circulate from production sites to

CSF returns to bloodstream via

the terminal portion of spinal cord has __ vertebra

____ pairs of spinal nerves named for where they emerge

__ cervical nerves

__ throacic nerves

___ lumbar nerves

___sacral nerves

___ coccygeal nerves

spinal cord, gray matter
Anterior, posterior, and lateral gray horns

White Matter
Anterior, posterior lateral white columns

The neuron of the anterior horn are concerned with

The posterior hor contains cell bodies of neuron that are involved in processing both

lateral horns are only present from the

The lateral horsn contain cell bodies of neuron responsible for

each general region of spinal white matter is called a

the largest tracts are the ______ which help to control the skeletal muscles below the head and neck

Spinal Nerves, Dorsal roots detect

Spinal cord, Ascending tracts

Spinal cord, Descending tracts

Spinal Nerves, ventral roots

where signals are interpreted

When the CNS has received all of the different sensory inputs, it integrates them into a single

what are the two basic types of sensations

the general senses can be split into

special senses pertain to

General senses pertain to

general somatic senses pertain to the

General visceral senses pertain to

pertain to fine or discriminative touch and include vibration, 
allows you to discriminate between different shapes and textures without visual input

also called crude touch
often when a body part is numbed by local anesthesia, the sensation of pressure can still be detected, this is called

senses that detect or are responsive to mechanical deformation in the skin, a joint, and or an organ
most of the general somatic senses

the sensory neuron that detects the initial stimulus in the PNS

the central process of the pseudounipolar neuron then synapses on a ________ or an interneuron located in the posterior horn of the spinal cord or the brainstem

the axons of second-order neuron generally synapse on ______ or interneurons in the thalamus
these neurons deliver impulses to the cerebral cortex

the axons of neuron that transmit tactile sensory information about descriminatie touch travel with axons that convey information regarding proprioception or joint position, along tracts known as

what are the two tracts located within the posterior columns

tracts that carries information from the lower limbs

Tracts that carries information from the trunk, neck and upper limbs

Sensed in the PNS, Interpreted in the CNS
Somatic and proprioceptive sensation

proprioceptive sensation destination

have somatic and autonomic pathways
originate in the primary motor cortex

senses paint, touch, temp 
from spinal cord to thalamus

carry voluntary motor commands

carry sensory information to the brain

controls muscles below head and neck via spinal nerves

controls muscles of head and neck via cranial nerves

one of the main areas to which S1  axons send output is the

the percepion of pain stimuli is called

what are the special senses

hearing;

taste;

smell;

balance;

where is the primary visual cortex

everything involved in a conciouse action such as the amount of force the muscle needs to preform the action and balance needed to preform the action

Damage to any component of the basal nuclei system results in a
Parkinson's disease

the correction of motor error can occur over both the short and the long term by a process called

damage to the cerebellum which makes fluid, well-coordinated movement nearly impossible

two main systems devoted to homeostasis

The homeostasis of vital function such as heat pumping, blood pressure, and digestion is largely controlled by the

the main boss of the Autonomic nervous system is the

the center that increases the rate and force of cardiac contraction and also causes blood vessels to narrow

decreases the rate and force of contraction of the heart and opens the blood vessels

neurotransmitter that helps control hunger in the hypothalamus

a reversible and normal suspension of consciousness

another name for sleep cycle

when we fall asleep and progress through it stage, the amplitude of the wave progressively _____ and their frequency progressively _______

measure of brain wave activity

awake, eyes close

awake eyes open, mental activit: REM sleep

Emotional distress; sleep stages 1-3

sleep stage 4

preform the diverse group of task collectively known as

the area of the cortex responsible for spatial awareness an attention

this area of cortex is primarily responsible for recognizing stimuli, especially complex stimuli such as faces

the cortex area that is responsible for the majority of cognitive functions tha make up a person charactoer or personality

what are the function that appear to be lateralized

they type of memory that tends to include skills and associations that are largely unconscious.

information in immediate and working memory is transferred into long-term memory , a process called

the mechanism by which hippocampal neurons encode long-term declarative memories seems to involve an increase in synaptic activity between associated neurons, called