-
Psychoactive means
the substance affects the mind and/or behavior
-
_________ produce the most dangerous physical withdrawal. Suddenly stopping can lead to _______
- Alcohol and tranquilizers
- seizures, strokes, or heart attacks in high risk patients
-
If a dental professional feels there may be an abuse problem, the _________ can aid in identifying a problem.
CAGE screening process
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The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), has successfully identified ________ as two genes involved in the predisposition to alcohol dependence.
GABRA2 and CHRM2
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Chronic use of marijuana can lead to
chronic bronchitis, xerostomia, and squamous metaplasia (cellular non-cancerous changes in the epithelial linings).
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The autonomic (involuntary) effects of marijuana include
tachycardia, reduced peripheral resistance, and, with large doses, orthostatic hypotension
-
Some of the adverse effects of opioid use include
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Drowsiness.
- Xerostomia.
- Respiratory depression
-
Patients under the influence of cocaine should not receive any local anesthetic containing epinephrine for at least ______ after the last administration of cocaine
6 hours
-
What is the most commonly abused opioid
Heroin
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Cocaine has potent pharmacologic effects on ____, _______, ______ neurons in the central nervous system (CNS).
dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
-
The primary action of Amphetamine and methamphetamine which are ________ is to
- CNS stimulants
- increase synaptic dopamine by causing the release of dopamine stores into the synapse, which produces a dopamine “high”
-
Examples of Hallucinogens
- LSD
- MDMA aka Ecstasy (Stimulant)
-
The primary psychoactive substances used as sedatives and hypnotics are _________ and, less commonly, _________.
- benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, temazepam)
- barbiturates (phenobarbital, secobarbital, mephobarbital)
-
Clinical side effects of the sedative-hypnotics are
hypotension and mild respiratory depression
-
Dilated pupils occurs in the use of ________. Pinpoint pupils occurs in the use of ________.
- hallucinogens and amphetamines
- morphine and related drugs, heroin, barbiturates
-
Alcohol is what type of drug, does what to the body and when used for drinking purposes is _______
- a depressant that slows the brain’s activities and the activity of the spinal cord
- ethyl alcohol or ethanol
-
More than 90%of ingested alcohol is converted into ________, then ______, and finally into
__________ by action of various liver enzymes
- acetaldehyde
- acetone
- carbon dioxide and water
-
Fatty liver is a __________ where the liver is ________ but of ________.
- yellow discoloration of the liver
- enlarged
- normal consistency
-
Fibrosis of the liver occurs when there is __________ in the liver (scarring).
excess fibrous connective tissue
-
Cirrhosis of the liver occurs when the ________.
scarring begins to kill liver cells
-
Persons that abuse alcohol have a diminished immune response including a
disturbed function of neutrophils
-
During alcohol use bleeding lesions may develop with ________ called ________
- desquamation of the stomach lining
- acute gastritis
-
Alcohol use increases the risk for many types of cancers, notably those of the
alimentary (organs of digestion) and respiratory tracts
-
Korsakoff’s Syndrome is the inability to ________. ___________ often precedes Korsakoff’s Syndrome. Characteristics include _________
- metabolize thiamine (Vitamin B1) efficiently
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- ataxia (clumsy walking/gait, ocular (sight) disturbances, and mental confusion (psychosis)
-
What are some characteristics that may be evident extra-orally on an alcohol dependent person
- Redness of forehead, cheeks, nose; acne rosacea; dilated blood vessels that produce spider angiomas on the nose
- Light yellowish brown may indicate jaundice from liver disease
- Angular cheilitis related to poor nutrition
- Parotid Glands Swelling
-
What are some Facial Dysmorphology that children with Fetal Alcohol syndrome might experience
- –Eyes: short eye openings.
- Thin upper lip, smooth philtrum.
- Midface: flattened, depressed; underdeveloped maxilla.
- Nose: short, upturned, with sunken nasal bridge.
- Micrognathia:(abnormal smallness of the jaws, especially the mandible).
- Ears: anomalies of shape and position
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