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A seizure is defined as an ________ and may involve ______ function
- episode of disturbed brain function that disrupts neuronal brain activity
- sensory, cognitive, emotional, and/or motor
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A convulsion is a
violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles
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Although they look different, all seizures are caused by the same thing;
a sudden change in how the cells of the brain send electrical signals to each other
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What are 3 major groups of seizures
- Generalized Onset Seizures
- Focal Onset Seizures
- Unknown Onset Seizures
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Generalized Onset Seizures affect
both sides of the brain or groups of cells on both sides of the brain at the same time
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Focal Onset Seizures start in
one area or group of cells in one side of the brain
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When a person is awake and aware during a seizure, it’s called a ________ and used to be called a
- focal aware seizure
- simple partial seizure
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When a person is confused or their awareness is affected in some way during a focal seizure, it’s called a ______ and used to be called a
- focal impaired awareness seizure
- complex partial seizure
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When the beginning of a seizure is not known, it’s called an
unknown onset seizure
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A diagnosis of epilepsy is made from what four ways
- 1.Clinical signs and symptoms.
- 2.Patient’s history of seizures.
- 3.Electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures brain waves.
- 4.Functional neuroimaging
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A type of Neuroimaging is _______ and is used for
- Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans
- most adults and children with a first seizure
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_______ seizures previously known as _______ seizures are the best known type of seizures
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Stiffening of the limbs is known as the ____ phase, followed by jerking of the limbs and face is known as the _____ phase.
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During the tonic phase, ______ may decrease or cease altogether, producing ______ of the lips, nail beds, and face
- breathing
- cyanosis (bluing)
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A convulsive seizure is usually not a medical emergency unless it lasts longer than _______, or a second seizure occurs soon after the first, or the person is _______.
- five minutes
- pregnant, injured, diabetic, or not breathing easily
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Status epilepticus is a condition when
non-stop seizures occur
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What is the awareness of a person having a tonic seizure, when do they usually happen and how long do they last?
- A person may be aware or have only a small change in awareness
- during sleep and usually involve all or most of the brain, affecting both sides of the body
- They are short, usually less than 20 seconds
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Clonic seizures are ___ and most commonly occur in ______
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Myoclonic seizures are a
very rapid, brief contractions of bodily muscles, which usually occur at the same time on both sides of the body
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Atonic seizures also called ________ produce an ______
- Drop Attacks
- abrupt loss of muscle tone that may include; head drops, loss of posture, or sudden collapse
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What seizures tend to be resistant to drug therapy
Atonic Seizures
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Absence seizures previously known as ______ seizures are
- petit mal
- lapses of awareness, sometimes with staring, that begin and end abruptly, lasting only a few seconds
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Absence Seizures are more common in
children
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Other warning signs that may happen hours before a seizure are
depression, irritability, sleep disruption, nausea, and headache
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The most effective treatment for people with epilepsy has been the use of seizure preventing medications called _______.
anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
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The goal of the ketogenic diet is to ______ through a diet high in ________. That begins after a ________ period
- induce fat metabolism and maintain ketosis
- fat and low in carbohydrates
- starvation
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_________ involves delivery of a focused dose of radiation to the epileptogenic area in the brain
Gamma-knife radiosurgery
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Vagus nerve stimulation utilizes a ______ to deliver signals to the
- pacemaker-like device
- vagus nerve
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The RNS System is a responsive direct brain stimulation treatment for adults with
medically refractory epilepsy
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Gingival overgrowth occurs in ______% of persons using phenytoin for treatment
25%–50
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________ is the most important determinant of the severity of phenytoin induced gingival enlargement
Biofilm
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Responsive Neurostimulator System (RNS)
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