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CNS
Central Nervous System
includes brain and spinal cord
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PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
- includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all of their branches
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frontal lobe
personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual functions
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parietal lobe
primary center for sensation
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occipital lobe
primary visual receptor center
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temporal lobe
primary auditory reception center with functions of hearing, taste, and smell
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Wernicke's area
- Temporal Lobe
- associated with language comprehension
- When damaged the person hears sound, but it has no meaning.
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Broca's area
- frontal lobe
- mediates motor speech
- When injured the person cannot talk. The person can understand language, but can only produce a garbled sound.
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Crossed representation
the left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to the right side of the body, and the right to the left side of the body
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Sensory Pathways of the CNS
- 1. Spinothalmic Tract
- transmit sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch.
- 2. Posterior Columns
- conduct the sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch.
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Motor Pathways of the CNS
- 1. Corticospinal or Pyramidal Tract
- a newer, "higher" motor system that permits humans to have very skilled and purposeful movements
- 2. Extrapyramidal Tracts
- older, "lower", motor system. Maintain muscle tome and control body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking.
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Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)
- located completely within CNS
- Examples: corticospinal, corticobulbar, and extrapyramidal tracts
- UMN diseases: strokes, cerebral palsy, and MS
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Lower Motor Neurons
- located mostly in the PNS
- Examples: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
- LMN diseases: spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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4 types of reflexes
- 1. Deep tendon (patellar)
- 2. Superficial (corneal, abdominal)
- 3. Visceral (pupillary)
- 4. Pathologic (Babinski)
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dermatome
circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve
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dermatome landmarks
- Thumb, middle finger, 5th finger= C6-8
- Axilla= T1
- Nipple= T4
- Umbilicus= T10
- Groin= L1
- Knee= L4
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Concussion
comes from a direct blow that causes the brain to shift rapidly back and forth inside the skull
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syncope
a sudden loss of strength, a temporary loss of consciousness caused by lack of cerebral blood flow
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vertigo
rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
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seizures
occur with epilepsy--a disease characterized by altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements, and sensory disturbances
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aura
a subjective sensation that precedes a seizure; it could be auditory, visual, or motor
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tremor
involuntary shaking or trembling
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paresis
a partial or incomplete paralysis
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paralysis
a loss of motor function caused by a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation
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dysmetria
inability to control the distance, power, and speed of a muscular action
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parasthesia
an abnormal sensation...burning, or tingling
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dysarthria
difficulty forming words
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dysphasia
difficulty with language comprehension or expression
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Sequence for complete neurological exam
- 1. Mental status
- 2. Cranial nerves
- 3. Motor system
- 4. Sensory system
- 5. Reflexes
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anosmia
decrease or loss of smell occurs bilaterally with tobacco smoking, allergic rhinitis, and cocaine use
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neurogenic anosmia
unilateral loss of smell in the absence of nasal disease
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atrophy
- abnormally small muscle with a wasted appearance
- occurs with disuse, injury, LMN disease such as polio, diabetic neuropathy
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hypertrophy
- increased size and strength
- occurs with isometric exercise
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dysmetria
clumsy movement with overshooting the mark and occurs with cerebellar disorders or acute alcohol intoxication
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past pointing
a constant deviation to one side
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ataxia
uncoordinated or unsteady gait
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hypoalgesia
decreased pain sensation
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analgesia
absent pain sensation
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hyperalgesia
increased pain sensation
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hypoesthesia
decreased touch sensation
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anesthesia
absent touch sensation
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hyperesthesia
increased touch sensation
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astereognosis
- inability to identify object correctly.
- occurs in sensory cortex lesions
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clonus
a set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle
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hyperreflexia
- exaggerated reflex.
- occurs with UMN lesions (stroke)
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hyporeflexia
- absence of reflex.
- occurs with interruption of sensory afferents or destruction of motor efferents (spinal cord injury)
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infantile automatisms
reflexes that have a predictable timetable of appearance and departure
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neurologic recheck
- 1. Level of consciousness
- 2. Motor function
- 3. Pupillary response
- 4. Vital signs
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F.A.S.T.
Stroke Prevention
- F= Face drooping
- A= Arm Weakness
- S= Speech difficulty
- T= Time to callĀ 9-1-1
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10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease
- 1. Memory Loss
- 2. Losing Track
- 3. Forgetting Words
- 4. Getting Lost
- 5. Poor Judgement
- 6. Abstract Failing7. Losing Things
- 8. Mood Swings
- 9. Personality Change
- 10. Growing Passive
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